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SCIENCE 9 UNIT 3 ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY TOPIC 1 A HAIR-RAISING DILEMMA NUTRIENTS- a chemical in food, used for energy, growth, body building, or cell repair CARBOHYDRATES- an organic nutrient made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen PROTEINS- an organic nutrient composed of a chain of amino acids LIPIDS- the state of matter in which a substance has a definite volume, but no definite shape (e.g. water) VITAMINS- a molecule that helps enzymes function in the body MACROMINERAL- a mineral that the body requires in the amount of 100 mg/day or more in order to maintain health TRACE ELEMENT- a mineral that the body requires in the amount of less than 100 mg/day in order to maintain health ENZYMES- a special protein molecule that regulates chemical reactions in living organisms Organic molecule Carbohydrates DIETARY SOURCES OF NUTRIENTS role in nutrition typical dietary source energy source for rice, grains, potatoes Metabolism fruits Proteins structural molecule For body and helps Chemical reactions meat, eggs, dairy products, legumes, nuts Lipids storage of unused Chemical energy vegetable oils, nut oils, some dairy Products TOPIC 2 A GROWING CONCERN PESTICIDES- a chemical used to control “pests” HERBICIDES- a chemical used to control weeds INSECTICIDES- a chemical used to control insects FUNGICIDES- a chemical used to control moulds and fungi BIOLOGICAL MAGNIFICATION/ BIOMAGNIFICATION- the process whereby chemicals accumulate in the tissues of organism along the food chain TOPIC 3 HOW DO YOU SPELL RELIEF? ACIDIC- having a pH value of less than 7 BASIC- having a pH value of more than 7 ACID- a chemical that produces an acidic substance, having a pH value of less than 7 BASE- a chemical that produces a basic substance, having a pH value of more than 7 INDICATOR- a chemical that changes colour to indicate whether a substance is an acid or a base LITMUS- a mixture of plant compounds used as a chemical indicator pH SCALE- a scale that measures the acidity or alkalinity of a substance pH paper- paper saturated with a chemical to show whether a substance is acidic or basic ACID PRECIPITATION- rain or snow containing acid compounds from the air LIMING- the process of adding calcium carbonate to the environment ACID-BASE NEUTRALIZAITON- the combining of an acid and a base to produce salt and water CATALYTIC CONVERTERS- a device that encourages complete oxidation during combustion CATALYST- a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being used up in a reaction OXIDATION- a chemical reaction in which oxygen combines with other elements to form new substances SCRUBBERS- a device that uses a sorbent to reduce oxide emissions SORBENT- a substance that absorbs oxides TOPIC 4 HOW MUCH IS TOO MUCH? POLLUTANT- any material, or form of energy, that will cause harm to a living organism POLLUTION- an alteration of the environment producing a condition harmful to living things ACUTE TOXICITY- the ability of a chemical to cause harm to an organism with only one exposure CHRONIC TOXICITY- the ability of a chemical to cause harm to an organism only after the chemical accumulates to a specific level after many exposures over time LD50- the dose of a chemical that will kill 50% of the population to which it is applied TOPIC 5 GETTING AWAY FROM IT ALL? NON-PERSISTENT WASTES- wastes that can be broken down into simple nonpolluting compounds by naturally occurring chemical reactions or bacterial action PERSISTENT WASTES- wastes that accumulate in the environment and break down very slowly, if at all BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS- a living organism whose state is indicative of conditions in a particular environment MACROINVERTEBRATES- an organism visible to the unaided eye and lacking a backbone POINT SOURCES- a specific location where pollution originates NON-POINT SOURCES- a source of pollution in which pollutants are diffuse and originate from no specific location TOPIC 6 N.I.M.B.Y.- THERE IS NO AWAY IN THROWING GROUND WATER- water that filters down through soil and fills spaces in the ground AQUIFERS- an underwater reserve of water BIODEGRADABLE-able to be broken down by bacteria, fungi, and other simple organisms into carbon dioxide and water SOLVENT- a substance that can be used to dissolve another substance SANITARY LANDFILL-a landfill incorporating a waterproof liner filled with compacted garbage covered with earth LEACHATE- the liquid that results as wastes decompose and rainwater filters down through the landfill SECURE LANDFILLS- a specialized landfill that safely disposes of hazardous and toxic wastes BIOREMEDIATION-a method of using living organisms to break down complex, toxic substances into simpler, non-toxic ones BIOREACTORS- a tank containing bacteria in appropriate conditions for bioremediation to occur