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Hopeful Agriculture, Lively Rural Areas, Happy People Press Release Release this report after the morning paper on June 3, 2013. Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency Foreign Animal Disease Division Manager Jo In-su, Research Officer Jo Yun-sang (+82-31-467-4398)/ Date: May 28 (8 pages) Implementation of a National Monitoring System for West Nile Fever in High Risk Areas 《 Key Content 》 ◇ A national monitoring system was implemented for mosquitoes spreading West Nile virus in areas of high risk for exotic infectious diseases, such as international airports and ports, in order to monitor West Nile Fever for which risk is spreading due to climate change. ※ Mosquitoes capable of spreading West Nile virus have been identified in 16 international airport and port areas. However, no pathogens have been found. West Nile Fever is a disease communicable between humans and animals and is spread through the vector of mosquitoes. The possibility of West Nile Fever spreading in Korea is increasing due to climate change, so the Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (QIA, Commissioner: Park Yong-ho) announced a national system for collecting mosquitoes at international airports and ports, areas at high risk for exotic infectious diseases, has been implemented since May 2012 and that the collected mosquitoes were investigated to reveal their distribution and determine the existence of any WNV pathogens. ※ West Nile Fever is a disease communicable between humans and animals. It is spread to humans and horses by Culex pipiens, the common mosquito which have ingested blood from infected wild birds. ❍ The system was implemented to reinforce monitoring of West Nile Fever in Korea and take preventative measures at an earlier stage. Under the system, mosquitoes were collected from 16 international airport and port areas, and the collected mosquitoes were investigated to reveal their distribution and determine the existence of any West Nile Viris pathogens. ❍ In 2012, approximately 180,000 mosquitoes were collected from international airport and port areas and a distribution of 17 varieties of mosquitoes was confirmed. Of the mosquitoes collected, species known to spread WNV, including Culex pipiens, were found. However, no verifiable WNV was detected. * (U.S.) West Nile Virus first entered the U.S. in 1999. The disease has since continued to afflict the country, resulting in the deaths of 286 people and damage to 690 horses. QIA also announced a plan to further reinforce national monitoring on infectious disease vectors in international airports and ports, given that the possibility for new infectious diseases increases due to the effects of climate change. Ref. 1. West Nile Fever Overview Ref. 2. West Nile Fever Vectors Ref. 3. Distribution of Mosquitoes Spreading West Nile Fever in International Airport/ Port Areas Ref. 1 West Nile Fever Overview □ Definition ◦West Nile virus (WNV) is a disease communicable to humans and animals that affects humans, horses, and birds through the vector of blood ingesting mosquitoes. WNV causes neurological symptoms, such as encephalitis, leading to death. □ Causative Pathogen ◦Flaviviridae; Flavivirus; West Nile Virus □ Spread ◦Mosquitoes that have ingested blood from birds infected with West Nile Virus and spread the disease to humans and horses. Spread of West Nile Fever Infection between People (Blood Transfusions, Organ Transplants, Placental Infections, Breast Milk) Bird vectors By Mosquito Principle Cycle of transmission By Mosquito Self-generating Host Bird vectors By Mosquito <Figure> Spread of West Nile Fever (Source: Huhn et al., 2003) : Recurrent infections from birds and mosquitoes, spread by infected mosquitoes to humans and horses by blood ingestion □ Outbreak ◦West Nile Fever outbreaks have been reported in Africa, Europe, Asia, and America, but not thus far in Korea. <Figure> West Nile Fever Afflictions in 2012 (Source: World Organization for Animal Health) □ Symptoms ◦(Humans) The symptoms of West Nile Fever in people are similar to those of the flu. This disease causes encephalitis and meningitis in the weak and the elderly, including other neurological symptoms, and even death. ◦(Horse) Horses affected by West Nile Fever display neurological symptoms similar to humans, such as fever, ataxia, weakness in the hind legs, astasia, muscular contractions, paralysis of the lips, facial stiffening, and blindness. In serious cases, symptoms of encephalitis manifest, leading to death. ◦(Bird) No symptoms are observed in most cases. However, some birds, such as crows, experience mass mortality. □ Diagnosis ◦(Antigen Test) WNV separation or checking - Virus separation - Virus identification by polymerase chain reaction or immunohistochemical staining ◦(Antibody Test) Antibody tests on WNV - Enzyme immunoassay, plaque reduction neutralization test Suspicious Specimens ↙ ↘ Antigen Tests Antibody Tests ↓ ↓ Genetic Tests Enzyme Immunoassay ↓ ↓ Virus Separation Virus Neutralization Tests <Figures> / West Nile Fever Diagnosis (Source: Equine Infectious Diseases Diagnosis Manual, 2009) □ Prevention ◦Four types of vaccines for horses have been approved by the United States Department of Agriculture. - (Inactivated Vaccine) One type of formalin-inactivated vaccine for West Nile virus - (Vector Vaccine) Two types of yellow fever or canary pox virus vector + WNV protein gene recombination vaccines - (DNA Vaccine) One type of DNA plasmid + WNV protein gene recombination vaccine * No approved vaccines for humans □ Treatment ◦No human or veterinary medicine developed Ref. 2 West Nile Fever Vectors □ Medium ◦West Nile virus (WNV) is mainly spread by the common mosquito, or Culex spp. - C. pipiens, C. quinquefasciatus and C. tarsalis. The species of WNV spreading mosquitoes vary by continent. (See Table below.) ◦Mosquitoes are mainly found in areas with water, such as rice paddies, streams, puddles, ponds, drains, and the water pooling in discarded tires. <Table> WNV Spreading Mosquitoes by Continent Area WNV Spreading Mosquitoes Africa, Middle C. univittatus, C. poicilipes, C. neavei, C. decens, Aedes albocephalus, East Europe Asia North America Mimomyia spp. C. pipiens, C. modestus, Coquillettidia richiardil C. quinquefasciatus, C. tritaenirhynchus, C. vishnui C. pipiens, C. quinquefasciatus, C. tarsalis, C. restuans (Source: Mackenzie et al., 2004; Artsob et al., 2009; Kilpatrick, 2011) ◦ WNV Spreading Mosquitoes Culex pipiens Aedes vexans (Source: National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan) Ref. 3 Distribution of Mosquitoes Spreading West Nile Fever in International Airport/ Port Areas □ International Airport/ Port Areas for Mosquito Collection ◦16 areas (2 airports, 10 ports, and 4 ramps) Classification Airport (2) Port (10) Ramp (4) Incheon Port, Pyeongtaek Port, Incheon International Sokcho Port, Gunsan Incheon Ramp, Airport, Port, Gwangyang Port, Bullo-dong Ramp, Jeju International Ulsan Port, Busan Busan Ramp, Airport New Port, Busan Port, Jeju Ramp Area Jeju Port, Seoguipo Port <Figure> Monitoring network for WNV spreading mosquitoes at international airport/ port areas 1. Incheon Port 2. Pyeongtaek Port 3. Sokcho Port 4. Gunsan Port 5. Gwangyang Port 6. Ulsan Port 7. Busan New Port 8. Busan Port 9. Jeju Port 10. Seoguipo Port 11. Incheon Ramp 12. Bullo-dong Ramp 13. Busan Ramp 14. Jeju Ramp Incheon International Airport Jeju International Airport □ Survey on the Distribution of Mosquitoes and West Nile Fever Outbreaks at International Airports and Ports in 2012 ◦A total of 177,715 mosquitoes were collected from 16 airports and ports nationwide. ◦The mosquitoes were classified into 17 varieties, including Culex pipiens, Aedes vexans, and Ochlerotatus dorsalis are capable of spreading WNV. In particular, 92,590 Culex pipiens were collected, forming the highest distribution. Ochlerotatus 3% Aedes 10% Anopheles 4% Armigeres 1% Culex 82% <Figure> Distribution of Mosquitoes Collected from International Airport/ Port Areas in 2012 ◦The results of WNV antigen tests on mosquitoes collected in international airport and port areas exhibited no WNV positive specimens.