Download Respiratory Physiology

Physiology Study Guide: Respiratory System
1
Steven A. Fink; Instructor
STUDY GUIDE: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
True/False
____ 1. The trachea is located anterior to the esophagus. [p. 275]
____ 2. The upper respiratory tract serves to warm & humidify the inhaled air and
prevent foreign matter from reaching the alveoli. [p. 275]
____ 3. The exchange of gases between the alveoli & the pulmonary capillaries is
called “Internal Respiration”. [p. 273]
____ 4. Air flows into the Lungs due to a concentration gradient between the
atmosphere and the alveoli of the Lungs. [p. 273]
____ 5. The rate of diffusion across the respiratory membrane is primarily determined
by the concentration differences of the gases between the alveoli and the
bloodstream. [p. 273]
____ 6. During Cellular Respiration, carbon atoms are attached to O2 molecules to form
CO2. [p. 273]
____ 7. The oropharynx & laryngopharynx serve both the Respiratory System and the
Digestive System. [p. 274]
____ 8. The tracheal cartilages completely encircle the trachea. [p. 275]
____ 9. Cartilage in the tracheo-bronchial tree is responsible for preventing collapse of
the airways during exhalation. [p. 275]
____10. There are no lymphatic vessels within the Lungs. [p. 276]
____11. An increase in Pulmonary Blood Pressure can  filtration of fluid out of the
pulmonary capillaries and cause pulmonary edema & dyspnea.
____12. Pulmonary edema slows down the rate at which gases are exchanged between
the alveoli and the bloodstream.
____13. The sympathetic motorneurons that innervate the bronchioles stimulate
bronchodilation. [p. 281]
____14. The inner wall of the thoracic cavity is lined by the visceral pleural membrane.
[p. 278 & p. 279]
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____15. The cohesion between the visceral and parietal pleural membranes acts to
indirectly attach the lungs to the inner chest wall. [p. 278]
____16. The Intrathoracic (Intrapleural) Pressure normally becomes “positive” during
any type of forced expiration. [p. 280]
____17. Whenever Airway Resistance increases, Air Flow through the conducting
division of Lungs  (increases). [p. 281]
____18. As the Intrapulmonary (Alveolar) Pressure decreases, Air Flow into the Lungs
 (increases). [p. 281]
____19. In normal, relaxed breathing, exhalation follows the relaxation of the respiratory
muscles. [p. 284]
____20. Wheezing in asthmatic patients is due mostly to air being forced-out through
narrowed, constricted bronchioles during exhalation. [p. 299]
____21. The respiratory “Dead Space” is that volume of inhaled air that does not
equilibrate with the pulmonary capillaries. [p. 293]
____22. Enlarging the chest causes the alveolar pressure (PAlv ) to  (decrease).
[p. 283]
____23. In normal persons, voluntary hyperventilation of air can significantly increase the
O2 content in the blood. [p. 310]
.
____24. Doubling the depth of ventilation increases Alveolar Ventilation (VA) more than
doubling the rate of ventilation. [p. 294]
____25. With an IPPB Resuscitator, air is "blasted" into the Lungs causing a positive
Intrapulmonary (Alveolar) Pressure. [p. 286]
____26. There is no exchange of gases between the pharynx, trachea & bronchi
with the bloodstream. [p. 293]
____27. During a maximal forced exhalation, the lungs still contain a Residual
Volume (RV) of air. [p. 288]
____28. The amount of O2 you need is proportional to the amount of food that your
body cells oxidize for energy. [p. 273]
____29. Pulmonary Ventilation tends to change in response to changes in the overall
Metabolic Rate of the body. [p. 321]
____30. In a “Valsalva Maneuver”, the Intrathoracic (Intrapleural) Pressure becomes
positive (greater than atmospheric). [p. 280]
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____31. Lung volumes, such as FEV1, decrease as you grow older. [p. 287]
____32. Most of the air in our lungs is actually N2 gas. [p. 304]
____33. Metabolic Acidosis stimulates pulmonary ventilation, which  [CO2] in the blood.
[p. 321]
-
____34. Metabolic Acidosis is also associated with an  (increased) plasma HCO3 level.
[p. 326]
____35. O2 & CO2 diffuse between the alveoli and the bloodstream both when we are
inhaling and when we are exhaling.
____36. The rhythmic excitation of the Diaphragm muscle depends upon action
potentials being transmitted from the Respiratory Reflex Center down
somatic motorneurons contained within the Phrenic Nerve. [p. 322]
____37. As CO2 diffuses from active tissues into the bloodstream, the H+ and
-
HCO3 content in the blood decreases. [p. 316]
____38. Dyspnea, associated with bronchial asthma, could lead to a state of Respiratoy
Alkalosis. [p. 325]
____39. The sum of the partial pressures of all the gases in the atmosphere is termed the
“atmospheric pressure”. [p. 300]
____40. At high altitudes, the PAO is higher than it is at sea level. [p. 301]
2
____41. During expiration, no exchange of gases occurs between the alveoli & the
bloodstream.
____42. The concentration of O2 in the exhaled air is actually higher than the
concentration of O2 in the alveoli. [p. 304]
____43. Normally, the concentration of O2 in the systemic arterial blood (PaO ) is the
2
same as the concentration of O2 in the aolveoli (PAO ) of the Lungs. [p. 305]
2
____44. Individuals with a low RBC Count in their blood due to hemorrhage would be
categorized as having “Hypoxic Hypoxia.” [p. 314]
____45. As the H+ concentration increases, Red Blood Cells unload more O2 to the tissue
cells. [p. 311]
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____46. Your rate & depth of breathing are primarily determined by the O2-content in
your systemic arterial blood. [p. 321]
____47. Hemoglobin has a greater affinity for carbon monoxide (CO) than for oxygen (O 2).
[p. 314]
____48. There is an excess of pulmonary surfactant present in the lungs of babies born
prematurely. [p. 297]
____49. Normal exhalation (at rest) is a passive process that does not require the use of
respiratory muscles. [p. 384]
____50. Fetal hemoglobin (Hb-F) has a higher affinity for O2 than does adult
hemoglobin (Hb-A). [p. 313]
____51. About 70% of all CO2 is transported through the bloodstream bound to
hemoglobin. [p. 318]
____52. Hypercapnia can lead to a state of acidosis and  (increased) bicarbonate ion
levels. [p. 325]
____53. There is a significantly lower concentration of O2 in the lungs during exhalation
than during inhalation. [p. 303]
____54. Voluntary hyperventilation of air can significantly increase the amount of O 2 in the
blood and thus prolong breath-holding time. [p. 310]
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Multiple Choice
Fill-in the bubbles on your SCAN-TRON that exactly match the letter
combination that appears just in front of the choice.
____55. Arrange the following anatomic structures in the order that air normally passes
through them during an inhalation [p. 274]:
(1) alveoli
(2) choannae
(3) glottis
(4) laryngopharynx
(5) nasopharynx
(6) nasal cavities
(7) laryngeal aperature
(8) trachea
(9) anterior nares
(10) bronchioles
The correct sequence should read:
(a) 1, 6, 2, 5, 7, 4, 3, 8, 10, 1
(b) 2, 6, 9, 5, 4, 7, 3, 8, 10, 1
(c) 6, 9, 2, 5, 7, 4, 3, 8, 10, 1
(d) 9, 2, 6, 5, 4, 7, 3, 8, 10, 1
(e) 9, 6, 2, 5, 4, 7, 3, 8, 10, 1
(ab) 9, 6, 1, 5, 4, 7, 3, 8, 10, 1
(ac) 9, 6, 2, 5, 7, 4, 3, 8, 10, 1
(ad) 9, 6, 2, 5, 7, 4, 8, 3, 10, 1
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------____56. When an air pocket forms in the Intrathoracic (Intrapleural) Cavity, the
condition is called [p. 280]:
(a) pleurisy
(b) pneumothorax
(c) pulmonary edema
(d) aneurysm
(e) apnea
____57. An individual consumes about _____ ml O2/min at rest [p. 274]:
(a) 100
(b) 200
(c) 300
(d) 500
(e) 1,000
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____58. Which one of the following structures is most prone to become narrowed &
collapse during exhalation [p. 277]?
(a) primary bronchi
(b) trachea
(c) secondary (lobar) bronchi
(d) bronchioles
(e) alveolar ducts
____59. the space between the vocal cords is called the [p. 275]:
(a) uvula
(b) vestibule
(c) fauces
(d) epiglottis
(e) glottis
____60. Which one of the following structures is NOT continuous with the
laryngopharynx [p. 274]?
(a) oropharynx
(b) esophagus
(c) larynx
(d) nasopharynx
____61. The normal PAO is ______ mm Hg [p. 304].
2
(a) 0
(b) .3
(c) 20
(d) 25
(e) 40
(ab) 46
(ac) 100
____62. The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the systemic arterial blood (PaCO ) is
2
normally ________ in the lungs [p. 304].
(a) less than
(b) the same as
(c) greater than
____63. The Air Flow in the bronchioles of the Lungs is _______ in the trachea [p. 282].
(a) slower than
(b) the same as
(c) faster than
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Use the following data from a patient's medical chart to answer the next 3
questions:
Respiratory Rate (f).............................
10 breaths/min
Tidal Volume (TV)……………………...
Dead Space (VD).................................
500 ml/breath
Total Lung Capacity (TLC)..................
6.0 L
Residual Volume (RV)………………...
1.0 L
150 ml/breath
.
____64. This patient's Minute Ventilation (V) is _______ L/min [p. 294].
(a) .5
(b) 1.5
(c) 3.5
(d) 4.0
(e) 5.0
(ab) 5.5
(ac) 6.5
(ad) 7.0
(ae) 7.5
.
____65. This patient's Alveolar Minute Ventilation (VA) is _______ L/min.
(a) .5
(b) 1.5
(c) 3.5
(d) 4.0
(e) 5.0
(ab) 5.5
(ac) 6.5
(ad) 7.0
(ae) 7.5
____66. Following a maximal exhalation, a maximal inhalation will bring _____ L of
fresh air into the alveoli of his Lungs [p. 288].
(a) 1.0
(b) 2.15
(c) 2.4
(d) 2.5
(e) 2.7
(ab) 3.5
(ac) 3.75
(ad) 4.85
(ae) 5.0
(bc) 5.5
(bd) 5.85
(be) 6.5
(cd) 7.5
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____67. When inhaling, air is sucked into the Lungs until the pressure becomes _________
atmospheric [p. 283].
(a) less than
(b) the same as
(c) greater than
____68. The major portion of O2 is carried in the blood as [p. 308]:
(a) O2 dissolved in the blood plasma
(b) carbaminoglobin
(c) oxyhemoglobin
-
(d) HCO3
(e) albumin
____69. The concentration of CO2 in the exhaled air (PECO ) is ______ in the
2
alveoli (PACO ) of the lungs [p. 304].
2
(a) less than
(b) the same as
(c) greater than
____70. At the end of a normal inhalation, the pressure in the lungs (PAlv) is ________
atmospheric [p. 283].
(a) greater than (positive)
(b) less than (negative)
(c) equal to
____71. Hyperventilation of an anesthetized patient, placed on an IPPB Respirator,
could lead to [p. 325]:
(a)  PACO
2
(b) alkalosis
(c) hypercapnia
-
(d) HCO3
(e)  PAO
2
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Use the following data from a patient's medical chart to answer the next question:
Parameter
Patient
Normal
pHa
7.43
7.4
PACO2
20 mm Hg
40 mm Hg
18 mEq/L
25 mEq/L
-
[HCO3 ]
____72. The patient above shows a clinical picture indicating [p. 319 & p. 325]:
(a) Respiratory Acidosis
(b) Respiratory Alkalosis
(c) Metabolic Acidosis
(d) Metabolic Alkalosis
(e) Hyperkalemia
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------____73. In a normal person breathing air, approximately ____% of the Hemoglobin is
saturated with O2 (in the systemic arterial blood) [p. 309].
(a) 27
(b) 36
(c) 60
(d) 75
(e) 83
(ab) 98
(ac) too variable to predict
____74. A person's rate of breathing is affected by the amount of _______ in the body.
[p. 326]
(a) CPK
(b) albumin
(c) bilirubin
(d) angiotensin
(e) lactic acid
____75. The largest quantity of air that can be inhaled above & beyond the Tidal
Volume is called the [p. 288]:
(a) (Forced) Vital Capacity (FVC)
(b) Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
(c) Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
(d) Residual Volume (RV)
(e) Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
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____76. Which one of the following best describes exhalation using an IPPB
ventilator [p. 286]?
(a) air flows out of the lungs   chest volume   PAlv
(b) air flows out of the lungs   chest volume   PAlv
(c) air flows out of the lungs   PAlv   chest volume
(d)  chest volume   PAlv  air flows out of the lungs
(e) air is sucked out of the lungs   PAlv   chest volume
____77. Which one of the following measurements technically indicates only the
amount of O2 dissolved in the plasma [p. 305]?
(a) Hematocrit
(b) volume % Oxygen
(c) PaO
2
(d) %Hb-O2 Saturation
____78. Lactic acid is formed from the [p. 326]:
(a) incomplete break-down of fatty acids for energy
(b) break-down of nucleic acids
(c) incomplete break-down of glucose for energy
(d) complete oxidation of glucose
(e) synthesis of proteins
____79. In mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, the rescuer blows air from his own
respiratory system into that of the victim. Which one of the following
statements is NOT correct [p. 304]?
(a) expansion of the victim’s lungs is brought about by blowing air in
at a higher than atmospheric (“positive”) pressure
(b) during inflation of the lungs the Intrathoracic (Intrapleural) Pressure
becomes less sub-atmospheric (“less negative”)
(c) exhalation depends upon the elasticity of the lungs
(d) the air that the rescuer first blows into the victim’s mouth is low in O2
and high in CO2
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____80. Emphysema is usually associated with all of the following EXCEPT [p. 298]:
(a)  Airway Resistance
(b) atelectasis
(c) dyspnea
(d)  Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
(e) fibrosis
____81. Which one of the following is normally the largest Lung volume [p. 288]?
(a) Tidal Volume (TV)
(b) Residual Volume (RV)
(c) (Forced) Vital Capacity (FVC)
(d) Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
(e) Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
____82. A pathology associated with a recurrent collapsing of the alveoli in a baby born
prematurely is [p. 297]:
(a) Respiratory Distress Syndrome of the Newborn
(b) Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
(c) Emphysema
(d) Tuberculosis
(e) Pneumothorax
____83. A decrease in the delivery of O2 due to shock ( Blood Pressure) would be
categorized as [p. 315]:
(a) Hypoxic Hypoxia
(b) Anemic Hypoxia
(c) Ischemic Hypoxia
(d) Histotoxic Hypoxia
(e) Nitrogen Narcosis
____84. The maximum volume of air that can be exhaled in 1 second is called the
[p. 291]:
(a) Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
(b) FEV1
(c) (Forced) Vital Capacity (FVC)
(d) Dead Space (VD)
(e) Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
____85. When the pressure in the alveoli (PAlv) becomes less than atmospheric
pressure [p. 283]:
(a) air flows out of the lungs
(b) air lows into the lungs
(c) there is no air flow
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Physiology Study Guide: Respiratory System
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Use the following data from a patient's Spirometry Report to answer the next 2
questions:
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)..............
3.3 L
Tidal Volume (TV).......................................
0.5 L
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV).............
1.0 L
(Forced) Vital Capacity (FVC).....................
4.8 L
Total Lung Capacity (TLC)………………….
6.0 L
____86. The above patient's Residual Volume (RV) is ____ L [p. 288].
(a) .5
(b) 1.0
(c) 1.2
(d) 1.5
(e) 2.1
(ab) 2.3
(ac) 2.7
(ad) 2.8
(ae) 3.3
(bc) 3.8
(bd) 4.3
(be) 4.8
(cd) 5.3
(ce) 8.1
(de) 10.8
____87. The above patient's Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) is ____ L.
(a) .5
(b) 1.0
(c) 1.2
(d) 1.5
(e) 2.2
(ab) 2.3
(ac) 2.7
(ad) 2.8
(ae) 3.3
(bc) 3.8
(bd) 4.3
(be) 4.8
(cd) 5.3
(ce) 8.1
(de) 10.8
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____88. The partial pressure of CO2 in the systemic venous blood (PvCO ) is normally
2
______ mm Hg [p. 304].
(a) 0
(b) 10
(c) 20
(d) 40
(e) 46
(ab) 100
____89. Individuals with  arterial PO2 due to depression of the Respiratory Center
(caused by a barbiturate sedative overdose) would be categorized as
exhibiting [p. 314]:
(a) Hypoxic Hypoxia
(b) Anemic Hypoxia
(c) Ischemic Hypoxia
(d) Histotoxic Hypoxia
(e) Nitgrogen Narcosis
Use the following data from a patient's medical chart to answer the next question:
Parameter
Patient
pHa
7.34
PaCO2
26 mm Hg
-
[HCO3 ]
12 mEq/L
____90. The patient above shows a clinical picture indicating [p. 319 & p. 325}:
(a) Respiratory Acidosis
(b) Respiratory Alkalosis
(c) Metabolic Acidosis
(d) Metabolic Alkalosis
(e) Nitrogen Narcosis
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____91. Compute the PO2 in a hospital hyperbaric chamber if [p. 300]:
FO2 = 40% (oxygen concentration in tank)
Total Pressure = 360 mm Hg (inside tank)
PO2 in the chamber is _____ mm Hg.
(a) 40
(b) 90
(c) 100
(d) 144
(e) 160
(ab) 216
(ac) 304
(ad) 456
(ae) 600
(bc) 720
(bd) 760
(be) 800
(cd) 1,200
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------____92. Bilirubin is formed from the break-down of [p. 313]:
(a) cholesterol and other steroids
(b) hemoglobin
(c) phospholipids
(d) RNA
(e) plasma albumin
____93. Which disease is characterized by a progressive break-down of the alveolar
walls and of the smaller airways [p. 298]?
(a) Bronchial Asthma
(b) Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
(c) Emphysema
(d) Respiratory Distress Syndrome
(e) Pneumonia
____94. Hypercapnia (PaCO ) could produce all of the following EXCEPT
2
[p. 325 & p. 317 & p. 311]
(a) Respiratory Acidosis
(b) increased Ventilation (breathing)
-
(c)  [HCO3 ]
(d)  excretion of H+ into the urine
(e)  unloading of O2 to body tissues
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____95. The tendency of the lungs to pull away from the chest wall causes the [p. 279]:
(a) Intrapleural Pressure to be less than atmospheric pressure
(b) Intrapleural Pressure to be equal to atmospheric pressure
(c) Intrapleural Pressure to be greater than atmospheric pressure
(d) Alveolar Pressure be equal to atmospheric pressure
(e) Alveolar Pressure be greater than atmospheric pressure
____96. The Total Lung Capcity (TLC) is the [p. 288]:
(a) volume of air normally entering or leaving the lungs during a
single breath
(b) the maximal volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled in 1 second
(c) maximum volume of air that the lungs can hold
(d) minimum volume of air that the lungs can hold
(e) the normal quantity of air within the lungs at rest
____97. The total quantity of inhaled air reaching the alveoli in 1 minute is called the
[p. 294]:
(a) Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
(b) Tidal Volume (TV)
(c) Alveolar Minute Ventilation
(d) (Forced) Vital Capacity (FVC)
(e) FEV1
____98. The specific stimulus that acts directly on the Central Chemoreceptor
Neurons in the Medulla oblongata is [p. 321]:
(a) PaCO
2
[HCO3 ]
+
(b) 
in the CSF of the brain
(c)  [H ] in the CSF of the brain
(d) PO2 in the CSF of the brain
____99. Which one of the following factors would NOT promote the unloading of O2 by
RBCs [p. 311]?
(a) PaCO
2
(b) alkalosis
(c)  temperature of the body
(d) hypercapnia
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___100. All of the following pulmonary diseases are associated with a decreased Total
Lung Capacity (TLC) EXCEPT [p. 297]:
(a) Tuberculosis
(b) Respiratory Distress Syndrome of the Newborn
(c) Atelectasis
(d) Emphysema
(e) Bronchial asthma
____101. Which one of the following acids can be specifically eliminated by the Lungs
[p. 325]?
(a) sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
(b) carbonic acid (H2CO3)
(c) lactic acid (HC3H5O3)
(d) ketoacids (HC4H5O3)
(e) phosphoric acid (H3PO4)
___102. The action of histamine on airways is [p. 299]:
(a)  Airway Resistance
(b)  Airway Resistance
(c)  PALV
(d)  PALV
(e)  Tidal Volume (VT)
___103. Which type of drug would be most effective in decreasing Airway Resistance
associated with bronchial asthma [p. 299]?
(a) a parasympathomimetic
(b) a sympathomimetic
(c) a Neuo-Muscular Blocking Agent
(d) a diuretic
(e) a local anesthetic
___104. A football coach, hoping to give his team an edge, has each player breathe
100% O2 briefly before entering the game. It would [p. 310]:
(a)  the hemoglobin concentration in the blood of each player
(b) benefit the players by decreasing the N2 concentration in their blood
(c) significantly  the oxyhemoglobin content in the arterial blood
(d) clear the air passages of any dust or bacterial growths
(e) provide only a psychological benefit to these normal players
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___105. Ketoacids are formed from the [p. 326]:
(a) deamination of amino acids
(b) incomplete break-down of fatty acids
(c) incomplete break-down of glucose
(d) break-down of nucleic acids
(e) both (a) & (b)
___106. Bronchospasm is most associated with [p. 299]:
(a) Bronchial asthma
(b) Emphysema
(c) Pneumonia
(d) Pulmonary Edema
(e) Bronchitis
___107. (Forced) Vital Capacity (FVC) of the Lungs is the [p. 288]:
(a) largest volume of air you can exhale
(b) largest volume of air you can inhale in 1 minute
(c) smallest volume of air required to keep you alive for 1 minute
(d) volume of air remaining in your lungs after forcefully exhaling
(e) volume of air you normally inhale with each breath
___108. The most important organ normally involved in acid-base balance is the
[p. 322]:
(a) lungs
(b) liver
(c) kidneys
(d) adrenal glands
(e) spleen
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