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Download War in the Pacific
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Many young men enlist in the war 5 mil volunteers (not enough for 2 fronts) Selective Service adds another 10 mil George Marshall (Army Chief of Staff) calls for the formation of a Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps Noncombat positions Nurses, ambulance drivers, radio operators, electricians, pilots, etc. Was it their war to fight? Segregated communities and limited human rights 300K Mexicans, 1 Mil Blacks, 46K Asians, 25K Native Americans Served in segregated units and rarely saw combat until the year of 1943 All automobile production shut down Factories converted to produce tanks, planes, boats, and command cars Leads way for other factories to do the same Bomb parts, ammunition, weapons, ships, etc. Women begin to fill jobs of the men in factories Women did not earn same pay as men Minorities hired to do meaningless jobs Philip Randolph protests this discrimination Accepted offering from FDR that they would not march on Washington in exchange for equality Office of Scientific Research and Development Improvements in radar/sonar Use of pesticides to help with insects Drugs that could help wounded in battle Secret development of the Atomic Bomb The Manhattan Project Code name for the research and work on the atomic bomb More war time products = less of other products Office of Price Administration Fought inflation by freezing prices on goods Congress raises income tax rates and extended it to people who have not had to pay before Left people with less to spend = price stays lower Encourages people to buy war bonds War Production Board Which companies would convert from peacetime to wartime production? Organized nationwide drives to collect scrap iron, tine cans, paper, rags, and cooking fat OPA sets up system of rationing Fixed allotments of goods deemed essential for the military (meat, shoes, sugar, coffee, gas, etc.) U.S. people looked at rationing as a personal contribution to the war FDR and Churchill meet and form alliance Met at White House to discuss military plans Strike Hitler and Europe first then move to Pacific Hitler establishes submarine warfare on U.S.’s East coast to prevent supplies reaching Britain and USSR Allies begin using the convoy system Accompanied by ships with radar and sonar Destroyed U-boats faster than they could be made Battle of Stalingrad Hitler wanted to capture oil fields and Stalingrad (major industrial center) German air force led the attack Stalin refused to let these people surrender the city Germany able to capture 9/10ths of the city Another winter sets in Soviet’s launch a counter attack and are successful Hitler refuses to have troops retreat Commander and troops surrender Jan. 31, 1943 1.1 Mil USSR soldiers killed (more than U.S. all war) Stalin pressures U.S. and Britain to begin a second front in Western Europe Launch Operation Torch led by Dwight D. Eisenhower in North Africa against Gen. Erwin Rommel (“Desert Fox”) Very successful and caused the surrender in May 1943 Leaders meet in Africa before that war was won Churchill feels its best to attack Italy before heading into Germany Decided they would only accept an unconditional surrender (whatever terms laid out) Captured Sicily in summer of 1943 (very easy) Italian gov’t forced Mussolini to resign = end of war against Italy Hitler decides to fight on Italian soil “Bloody Anzio” -> four months (25k allies, 30k axis) The Tuskegee Airmen 92nd Division “Buffaloes” All black pilot squadron Won 2 “Distinguished Unit Citations” (highest for a unit) for its fighting against the German air force All black division that won many awards for their fighting Japanese unit the all-Nisei 442nd Regimental Combat team becomes the most decorated unit in U.S. History (known as the Purple Heart Battalion) Allies begin working on a plan to free France and Western Europe from Nazi control Operation Overlord -> led by Eisenhower D-Day (June 6, 1944) Force of 3 million British, American, and Canadian troops Plan to attack Normandy in Northern France Sent air born rangers behind enemy lines and followed it the next morning with the largest land-sea-air operation in history German defense was brutal Omaha beach becomes most infamous for the death of soldiers After 7 days the Allies gain an 80 mile strip of land in France Immediately landed extra troops and supplies Gen. Omar Bradley launches air and land attack at St. Lo and provides a hole in the German defense General George Patton is next to advance Reach the Seine River south of Paris with his Third Army 2 Days later with help from French resisters they are able to liberate the capital By Sep. 1944 Allies freed France, Belgium, and Luxembourg FDR elected to 4th Term Oct. 1944 American capture their first German town Hitler responds with one last effort and offensive Orders his troops to break through Allie defense and recapture the Belgian port of Antwerp Dec. 16, 1944 Germans attack behind force of tanks and break through the Allie lines Create a “bulge” in the Allied defense Fight lasted a month and Germans got no where They lost 120k troops, 600 tanks/guns, 1,600 planes Allies push east into the German heartland and Soviet’s push into Poland and Berlin Soviets able to liberate Majdanek in Poland as the other troops in Germany were able to do the same German soldiers try to hide all of the evidence but not able to do so Soviets storm Berlin in April of 1945 Any German soldier who fled was killed on the spot Hitler prepares himself for the end in his underground bunker in Berlin Marries his companion and writes his last address to the German people Blamed the Jews for starting the war and his generals for losing it Hitler shoots himself and has his body burned Eisenhower accepts surrender of Third Reich on May 8, 1945 (V-E Day) FDR does not see the end of the war – dies from stroke on April 12, 1945 Harry Truman becomes new president Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor missed the Pacific Fleet’s submarines and aircraft carriers Japan had conquered more territory than Hitler’s Third Reich Doolittle’s Raid Pearl Harbor like bombing of Tokyo Battle of Coral Sea Douglas McArthur commander in Philippines 5 day battle stopping Japanese from making it to Australia Battle of Midway Island located North-west of Hawaii Sank Japanese aircraft carriers with planes still on board Became strategic location for Allied forces Guadalcanal (Solomon Islands) = 1st Allied offensive attack Became known as “Island of Death” Japan’s first defeat on land Japanese Defense Used entire fleet Began using kamikaze pilots Iwo Jima Could be a base for bombers to reach Japan Most heavily defended spot 20,700 Japanese troops in trenches and caves More than 6k marines die, only 200 Japanese survive Okinawa (Final Assault) Plagued with almost 2k kamikaze attacks 30 ships and 5k deaths Knew invasion of Japan would be a struggle Very loyal soldiers The Manhattan Project Led by J. Robert Oppenheimer Development of the Atomic bomb Best kept secret (600k + working on it) 1st test in New Mexico Flash could be seen 180 miles away Truman decides to use the bomb 2 bombs = Little Boy (Hiroshima) and Fat Man (Nagasaki) 3 days a part Destroyed everything Killed 200k people + leveled cities Forced Japan to surrender because of fear Yalta Conference Churchill, Stalin, and Roosevelt Discussed fate of Germany Stalin wanted harsh punishment, Churchill did not FDR favors Stalin Hoped for help in the Pacific and for United Nations Result Germany split into 4 (U.S., USSR, France, Britain) Stalin agrees to free-elections in Soviet occupied territories, joined the war in the Pacific, and agrees to help create United Nations Nuremburg Trials Discovery of Hitler’s death camps Allies have trial for 24 Nazi leaders 12 sentenced to death Occupation of Japan Under General McArthur Arrested Hideki Tojo to prison guards 7 sentenced to death McArthur reshapes Japan Free-market practices, Constitution, women’s suffrage and basic freedoms, etc. WWII = time of opportunity for millions of Americans At the end of WWII the U.S. emerges as economic and military power Unemployment fell to 1.2% Average weekly pay raised 10% Crop production increases by 50% 6 mil + women enter workforce for the first time Mass migrations begin to happen (African Americans) GI Bill of Rights -> provided education and training for veterans paid for by the federal gov’t African Americans begin leaving the South to find work Still faced discrimination Cities already overcrowded Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) Founded by James Farmer Confronted urban segregation in the north Mexican-Americans experience prejudice as well 1943 “zoot-suit” riots (style of dress adopted by MexicanAmericans) Reports from sailors saying they were attacked by “zootsuits” When WWII began 120k Japanese Americans lived in the U.S. (mostly West Coast) After Pearl Harbor people are fearful of Japanese Rumors that Japanese were mining coastal harbors and poisoning vegetables Started with evacuation of all Japanese out of Hawaii Refused because it would hurt the economy in Hawaii (37% of population) Forced internment of 1,444 Yellow journalism raises fears even further Feb 19,1942 -> President Roosevelt signs order requiring the removal of people of Japanese ancestry from California and parts of Washington, Oregon, and Arizona 110K + Japanese Americans rounded up and placed into prison camps 2/3 of the Japanese were Nisei (born in this country from immigrants) No formal chargers ever filed and no evidence of any harmful acts were recorded Korematsu v. U.S. -> gov’s policy of evacuating Japanese Americans to camps was justified on the basis of “military necessity” Japanese American Citizens League (JACL) Pushed gov’t to compensate those sent to the camps for their lost property after the war ($38 mil -> less than 1/10 of actual loss) Decades later Congress passes bill that would give $20k to every Japanese American sent to a camp Checks not sent until 1990 under President George Bush “We can never fully right the wrongs of the past. But we can take a clear stand for justice and recognize that serious injustices were done to Japanese Americans during WWII.”