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Introduction to AP Human Geography Mr. Stepek Geography thru history • “geography” from the Greek (Eratosthenes) • “geo” = Earth • “graph” = to write or describe • geography = “to write about or describe the Earth” • Aristotle = torrid, temperate and frigid zones • Ptolemy = wrote Guide to Geography (“Geographica”) an eight volume series detailing the cities and peoples of the Earth. • Alexander von Humboldt, Carl Ritter = “Father(s) of Modern Geography” Map scale (relationship of distance on a map to that in reality) see summer assignment • Expressed in terms of words, fraction, ratio, or bar scale • Large scale = small area • Small scale = large area Level of Aggregation (on what “scale” are you analyzing a phenomenon) Must compare “apples to apples”!!! Models: Abstract generalization to help explain a common pattern. Spatial models show commonalities in the patters of similar landscapes Non-spatial models shows a pattern related to geography in a graph or from other than a map. Distribution: use special terms to describe spatial relationships and their organization. • Density: how often an object occurs within a given area or space (used often with population) • Arithmetic density = occurrence or population/total area • Physiological density = population/arable (farmable) land • measures ability of area to feed its population • Agricultural density • measures farming efficiency/modernization • Concentration: refers to the proximity over the area in which an item is spread. • Cluster/agglomeration = close together • Dispersed/scattered = spread out • Pattern: how things are organized within their space. • Linear = along a straight line (any other descriptive shape as well) • Centralized = grouped together two-dimensional surface” = Map Projections Mercator Projections (1569) Classic distortion example: South America vs. Greenland Robinson Projection Peters Projection Goode’s “Interrupted” projection All projections have some degree of distortion: size, shape, distance, or direction Map legend/key • For analysis purposes special attention MUST be placed on the map index or legend • Identifies scale • Identifies symbols • Identifies color Thematic Types of Maps: choropleth • unit is assigned color • best = shades of same color • darker = greater • strength • shows dominance of a trait • weakness • level of aggregation/generalization must be considered. • could give false conclusion • must compare “apples to apples” Thematic Types of Maps: dot maps • dots indicate the # of occurrences in a given area • provides a spatial pattern • Shows pattern/concentratio n • Best for raw data, not ratios or normalized data • early use of GIS Thematic Types of Maps: isoline/isopleth • similar data is connected by lines • Always use for elevation • Ex: barometric pressure on weather maps • Data bands assigned colors = isopleth maps Shows movement of people, information, and goods between places Types of Maps: Topographic Reflects the Earth’s physical features (terrain, elevation) Graphs in the form of “maps”: Cartograms • Distorts size of a map units to allow comparison of data. • more of a “graph” concept than a map = graph in map form 2008 Election Results Five Themes of Geography •Location • Where? (most basic question) • How can this location be •Place described? •Region • With what other locations does this place share certain •Interaction characteristics? • How have humans and the environment affected each other in this location? • How has this location been affected by the flow of people, •Movement Five Themes of Geography mnemonic •Movement •Region •Location •Interaction •Place = “Mr. Lip” Two ways to describe a “location” • Using latitude and longitude • Latitude (parallels) = horizontal lines • Absolute or • measure distance N/S from Equator “Exact” • climate location • Longitude (meridians) = vertical lines • measured in distance E/W of Prime Meridian • 180 E or W = International Date Line • time • Another type = street addresses, “townships” Two ways to describe a “location” • where something is, in reference to someplace else. • Relative • “Illinois is south of Wisconsin” location • San Francisco is 350 miles north of L.A. • can hint at the importance of a location Location Tools • GPS (Global Positioning System) • uses satellites to pinpoint location, direction, velocity • often used for • • • • civilian navigation mapmaking and surveying commerce hobbies • geocaching • “hi-tech treasure hunt” Location Tools (continued) • GIS (geographic info. system) • computer hardware and software permits storage/analysis of data in layers • Ghost Map (Snow/Cholera) • Remote sensing • collect data with tools while physically distant from the area. • areas are dangerous/inaccessible Place: how can a location be described? Physical • toponym = place name • Chicago = “skunk place” • swamp where wild onions grew • Michigan = “large water” • “Half Day Road” • climate and vegetation • Koppen’s climate classification • 5 main regions furthered subdivided by temperature and precipitation • Biomes (ecosystems) • Examples: forest, grassland, savanna, desert People Koppen’s climate classification Place: how can a location be described? Physical • toponym = place name • climate and vegetation • terrain/landform • mountainous, flat, coastal • built terrain • type and density of construction People • toponyms • England = “Land of the Angles” • “New England”, “Greektown” • demographics • “demo” = people • “to describe people” • population/cultural stats • ethnicity, language, religion • age & gender, economic stats • density Region: commonalities between places • 3 ways to discuss region • Formal or uniform = homogeneous characteristics shared by places. • area where everybody speaks the same language • uniform terrain or physical features • jurisdictions (everyone is subject to same laws) Formal regions Region: commonalities between places • 3 ways to discuss region • Functional or nodal = organized around a central point. • market areas are the best example • Radio stations, zip codes, delivery areas, etc. Functional region Region: commonalities between places • 3 ways to discuss region • Perceptual or vernacular = based on a person’s cultural identity, shared values, cultural landscape, “in our minds” = mental map • Midwest, “Rust Belt”, “Middle America” • South, “Bible Belt”, “Deep South” • Neighborhood designations Perceptual or vernacular regions Perceptual regions are often contradictory Interaction: the relationship between humans and their environment. Adaptation • How do humans to better fit into their environment. • Clothing, housing, behavior • New Yorkers often don’t own cars. • Too crowded, too hard to park Modification Interaction: the relationship between humans and their environment. Adaptation Modification • How do humans to better fit • How do humans their environment to better suit into their environment. themselves, examples: • Clothing, housing, behavior • New Yorkers often don’t own cars. • • Too crowded, too hard to park Use the subway or walk • Cultural ecology = Carl Sauer • Environmental determinism vs. possibilism • Does our environment determine who we are or simply give us possibilities? • infrastructure • public improvements • engineering • New York City • largest subway in world Interaction: the relationship between humans and their environment. Adaptation Modification • How do humans to better fit • How do humans their environment to better suit into their environment. themselves, examples: • Clothing, housing, behavior • New Yorkers often don’t own cars. • • Too crowded, too hard to park Use the subway or walk • Cultural ecology = Carl Sauer • Environmental determinism vs. possibilism • Does our environment determine who we are or simply give us possibilities? • infrastructure • public improvements • engineering • New York City • • • • • largest subway in world sewer system bridges and tunnels Lower Manhattan landfill Central Park • Natural oasis in the midst of urban density Modification Movement (people = “migration”) • sequent occupance • stages of human occupation over time • Reflects impact of different groups on a place • Each group leaves their mark • Example: Can you name this neighborhood • Irish, Germans Czech Mexicans hipsters • PILSEN Movement (of ideas/culture = “diffusion”) hearth = place of origination 1) Relocation diffusion spread thru migration 2) Expansion diffusion a) Contagious • fast, widespread to those in contact or adjacent (like disease) b) Hierarchical • spread through nodes of power or influence or authority Movement (of ideas/culture = “diffusion”) hearth = place of origination 1) Relocation diffusion spread thru migration 2) Expansion diffusion a) Contagious • fast, widespread to those in contact or adjacent (like disease) b) Hierarchical • spread through nodes of power or influence or authority c) Stimulus • underlying principles/idea spread but not end product • Barriers to diffusion • physical and cultural barriers • distance decay (Tobler’s Law) • Time-space compression • reduction of time it takes for movement • especially quickened by the internet Globalization set of processes that are: - increasing interactions - deepening relationships - heightening interdependence set of outcomes that are: - unevenly distributed - varying across scales - differently manifested without regard to country borders throughout the world. “Site and Situation” • combines “physical place” concepts and “relative location” to explain the importance of a place. • site = what gives a location its distinctive character • situation = how the “site” factors give this location importance (what connections does it facilitate? what • London advantages do the site factors give?) • Site: • island • Thames River = estuary • North Atlantic • Situation • Protected from invasion ideal for trade • 1530 = 50,000 • 1625 = 225,000 New York City “Site and Situation” Site Situation • island • • Atlantic coast • large, natural, deepwater harbor • • mouth of Hudson River • Erie Canal (1825) ideal for shipping • docks numerous and protected • triangular trade, connect to Europe connects to the interior • before RRs • ship through Great Lakes • Access to raw materials • center of commerce and trade • overtakes Philly as largest port • mountains to west form• inland movement limited → can barrier support a large population • mouth of Hudson River • 1 of 3 dominant global cities • abundant fresh water