Download Midterm Review_NO genetics

Biology Midterm Review
Name_________________
Scientific Method and Biochemistry – Using the scenario below answer questions 1-10.
Kari has been doing research on a new chemical to help tomato plants grow and produce bigger, healthier
tomatoes. Kari hypothesized that the new chemical would increase plant growth producing larger tomatoes. She needed
to set up an experiment to test the new organic fertilizer. Kari set up her experiment in a greenhouse with the same
species of tomato plant in 5 small flats. She kept all conditions the same such as humidity, temperature, soil, amount of
water, etc.. Listed below is how she administered the fertilizer and the data she collected after six months.
Plant trays
Amount of fertilizer per day
Growth of plant
Color of plant
1
4 mL
2 inches
Green
2
6 mL
5 inches
Green
3
8 mL
6 inches
Greenish-Yellow
4
10 mL
9 inches
Yellow
5
0 mL
3 inches
Green
Identify the following:
1. Control group(s)?
_______________________________________________________
2. Experimental group(s)? _______________________________________________________
3. Controlled variable(s)? _______________________________________________________
4. Independent variable? _______________________________________________________
5. Dependent variable? _______________________________________________________
8. Why did Kari only test one variable in this experiment?_____________________________________________
9. What was the purpose of the control(s) group in this experiment?_____________________________________
20. Fill in the chart on organic compounds.
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Basic unit
(monomer)
Major Function(s)
Examples
21. What are the 3 types of carbohydrates? Which ones are complex sugars? _____________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
23. When you combine amino acids to form a protein, what is the name of the bond formed? __________________
24. What are the characteristics of life? List 4. ______________________________
_____________________________ ________________________ ______________________________
Cell/Cell Reproduction/Photosynthesis/Cell Respiration
2. There are 3 components of the cell theory.
a. All organisms are composed of one or more ____________.
b. The cell is the basic unit of _________________.
c. All cells come from ________________ cells.
3. There are 2 basic cell types -- Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes. Identify the following as a Prokaryote or Eukaryote.
a. lack membrane-bound organelles _______
b. multicellular ________
c. has a nucleus ________
d. bacteria is an example __________
e. animals, plants, fungi and protist __________
4. Listed below are the functions of the organelles. Identify the organelle.
cell wall
chloroplast
flagella
microtubules
mitochondria
nucleus
nuclear membrane
cilia
lysosomes
ribosome
chromatin
nucleolus
microfilaments
vacuole
endoplasmic reticulum
cell membrane
cytoplasm
golgi apparatus
cytoskeleton
a. thin protein fibers that provide support in cell _____________
k. receives processed materials, packages and distributes ______________
b. short projections involved in movement ______________
l. stores materials and removes excess fluid ________________
c. longer projections involved in movement _______________
m. control center that contains DNA ______________
d. hollow protein fibers that make up cytoskeleton ______________
n. membrane that controls what goes in and out of nucleus _____________
e. solid protein fibers that make up cytoskeleton _______________
o. tangled DNA ______________
f. jelly-like material that surrounds organelles ________________
p. membrane that controls what goes in and out of cell ___________
g. digest excess cell parts and invading pathogens ______________
q. site of photosynthesis __________________
h. where protein synthesis occurs _____________
r. produces ribosomes ___________________
i. makes energy for cell ______________
s. thick, inflexible membrane that provides support for plant cells
____________________
j. membrane sacs that transport materials ______________
5. Cell transport is the movement of materials in and out of the cell through the cell membrane. There are 2 types –
Passive and Active Transport. Identify as active or passive.
a. osmosis and diffusion are examples ____________
b. requires energy __________
c. does not require energy ___________
d. endocytosis and exocytosis are examples _____________
6. _______________ is the movement of water from an area of high to low concentration.
7. _______________ is the movement of particles from an area of high to low concentration.
8. ________________ diffusion uses protein channels to help move material across the membrane.
9. __________________ is the movement of materials outside the cell.
10. __________________ is the movement of materials inside the cell.
11. What does the selective permeability mean? ____________________________________________________
12. The plasma membrane is made of ______ layers. It contains fluid and phospholipids. Draw a
phospholipid and label parts.--> 
13. There are 3 types of solutions – isotonic, hypertonic and hypotonic. Identify the solutions.
a. concentration of solute outside and inside the cell are equal _________________
b. concentration of solute is higher outside than inside the cell ___________________
c. concentration of solute is higher inside than outside the cell __________________
d. water moves out of cell _______________
e. water moves in the cell ______________
f. no movement of water ______________
15. There are 2 types of Eukaryote cells – somatic or sex cells. Identify as somatic or sex cells.
a. all cells in body except sex cells ____________
b. egg and sperm ___________
c. contains 23 chromosomes ____________
d. contains 46 chromosomes ____________
e. diploid ____________
16. There are 2 types of chromosomes – autosomes and sex chromosomes. Identify as autosome or sex.
a. #1-22 chromosomes ____________
b. 23rd chromosomes ____________
18. Why do you have 2 copies of all of your chromosomes?
Cell Membrane is
made of
________________.
19. The cell cycle is a sequence of ____________ and _____________ of the cell.
20. What occurs in interphase?
21. ______________ is a series of steps in which the nucleus of a cell divides into 4 nuclei.
22. ______________ is a series of steps in which the nucleus of a cell divides into 2 nuclei.
23. How are mitosis and meiosis different? How are they similar?
24. Matching: Identify the following stages of mitosis .
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
a. cytokinesis occurs __________
b. chromosomes pair up and spindle fibers form ___________
c. paired chromatids move to opposite sides of cell ____________
d. chromosomes line in middle of cell _____________
e. 2 new cells are formed _________________
26. Write the formula for photosynthesis and respiration. (Know what “goes in and what goes out.”
28. What is ATP and how what do cells use it for?
30. Where does cell respiration occur?
31. What the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
DNA
1. What are the 2 types of nucleic acids? ___________
______________
2. _____________ are a sequence of nucleotides that codes for a protein.
3. A __________________ is the basic building block of DNA & RNA.
4. What are the 3 parts that make up the nucleotides of a nucleic acid?
a.
b.
c.
9. What is the name of the bond formed between the nitrogen bases called? _______________ _____________
11. How are RNA and DNA different? How are they similar?
12. Find the complimentary strand.
a. DNA strand A A T G C A T
DNA strand
b. DNA strand C C G A T A
DNA strand
14. ____________________ occurs when DNA makes a copy of itself to form 2 new strands of DNA.
15. Identify as a section of DNA or RNA or Both.
a. ATCT ______
b. AGGCU _____
c. AGGCA _____
d. UAUU ______
16. _____________________ is a type of RNA that carries genetic message of DNA into cytoplasm.
17. _____________________ is a type of RNA that brings amino acids to mRNA in ribosome for protein synthesis.
18. ______________________ is a type of RNA that helps mRNA and tRNA come together to make a protein.
19. _______________________ occurs when mRNA makes a copy of DNA and takes this copy to the ribosome.
20. _______________________ occurs when mRNA is decoded while bonded to tRNA to build a protein.
21. ______ nucleotides = ______ codon
22. Use the section of DNA to figure out the amino acids that will be formed during protein synthesis.
**Use the mRNA to determine the amino acid sequence.
DNA
mRNA
tRNA
amino acid (use mRNA)
A
T
T
C
G
A
23. A ________________ is a mistake or change in the DNA sequence.
25. A ________________ mutation is a change to a single base pair that changes an amino acid in a protein.
29. DNA ____________________ is the use of gel electrophoresis and restriction enzymes to separate DNA fragments
resulting in a pattern of bands.
Evolution
30. What advantage do sexually reproducing organisms have over asexually reproducing organisms?
31. How do organisms become resistant to chemicals (antibiotics, pesticides)?
32. What is natural Selection?
33. What is convergent and divergent evolution? Give an example of each.
34. What are the three mechanisms of speciation?
35. What are some sources of variation within species?
****REVIEW ALL CLASSIFICATION MATERIAL********