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Transcript
Objectives Name a planet. Name a dwarf planet. What is the major difference between a planet and a dwarf planet? Where are the dwarf planets in our solar system? Distinguish between a meteor, a meteorite, and a meteoroid. What is a "shooting star"? Why do we see it? On average, how big is one? Why do we study meteorites? How old is the solar system? Describe a comet including the nucleus, head and tail. Why do we see a comet? Roughly, how big are comets? What is the Oort Cloud? the Kuiper Belt? Why study comets? What is a meteor shower? What is the comet connection to a meteor shower? What’s in our solar system? *Sun *Planets Terrestrial Jovian Dwarf Small Solar System Bodies *Meteoroids *Comets Dust http://www.techastronomy.com/UserFiles/2007/7/22/solar_system4(1).jpg *Sun a. Most of mass (>99%) of solar system b. Star – produces own energy by fusion c. Hot http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/gallery/images/large/eit001_prev.jpg What’s in our solar system? *Sun *Planets Terrestrial Jovian http://www.techastronomy.com/UserFiles/2007/7/22/solar_system4(1).jpg **KNOW THIS** Terrestrial “Earth-like” • Small, less massive • Close to Sun (warm) • • • • • • • • • Heavy elements High density Solid Surfaces Cratered Few moons Thin atmospheres Weak magnetic fields Slow rotation Fast revolution (Kepler) Jovian “Jupiter-like” • Large, massive • Far from Sun (cold) • Rings • Big storms, turbulent atmosphere, belt rotation • Hydrogen rich (light elements) • Low density • Gas and Liquid • • • • • Many moons Thick atmospheres Large magnetic fields (some tilted) Fast rotation Slower revolution Terrestrial Jovian Assignment: • Highlights of Mars and Saturn • See class website calendar for details • 20 points on next test • 5 Highlights for Mars and 5 Highlights for Saturn • Print and bring to Test 2 What’s in our solar system? *Sun *Planets Terrestrial Jovian Dwarf http://www.techastronomy.com/UserFiles/2007/7/22/solar_system4(1).jpg What objects are planets and dwarf planets? Question Orbits Sun? Round? Not a moon? Cleared orbit? Not cleared orbit? International Astronomical Union 2006 http://www.iau.org/news/pressreleases/detail/iau0603/ Planet X X X X Dwarf Planet X X X X Plutoids Dwarf Planets Ceres (Asteroid Belt) Pluto Eris Makemake Haumea Pluto Location PlutoHard to classify Pluto and its largest moon, Charon (top left) https://www.nasa.gov/feature/pluto-s-big-moon-charon-reveals-a-colorful-and-violent-history http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap120716.html Keberus Styx Motion Video of Pluto’s 5 Moons https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/k-4/stories/nasa-knows/what-is-pluto-k4.html Pluto: Planet or ? • Round • Moons • Orbit tilted to plane of solar system • Orbit more elliptical than other planets • Sometimes Pluto is closer to sun than Neptune • Denser than Jovians, less dense than Terrestrials • One of many objects orbiting sun beyond Neptune • It is a Dwarf Planet Eris 44o orbit inclination Highly elliptical orbit July 2005 at 97 AU Sep 2005 It has a moon. Dwarf Planet Locations Other problem objects Large meteoroids (asteroids) Asteroid Belt between Mars and Jupiter http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Eris_ Orbit.svg/644px-Eris_Orbit.svg.png Ceres (largest object in asteroid belt) Orbits sun Round Part of neighborhood of other objects =Dwarf Planet ~600 mi Pictures and video from DAWN http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/ceres *Planet Terrestrial (small, dense…) Jovian (large, gaseous…) Dwarf Current definition of Dwarf Planet a. *Orbits a star b. *Round by own gravity c. *Has not cleared its neighborhood Dwarf Planets 1. Pluto 2. Eris 3. Haumea 4. Makemake 5. Ceres Dwarf Planets Dwarf Planet Candidates Image: NASA Dwarf Planet Locations Asteroid Belt Kuiper Belt Show solar system simulator Image: NASA What’s in our solar system? *Sun *Planets Terrestrial Jovian Dwarf Small Solar System Bodies *Meteoroids *Comets Dust http://www.techastronomy.com/UserFiles/2007/7/22/solar_system4(1).jpg Small Solar System Bodies *Meteoroids Definition: rocky matter in space Small, rocky, oblong Mostly between Mars and Jupiter (Asteroid Belt) Asteroid – larger meteoroid *Comets Icy Some from beyond Neptune - Kuiper Belt Objects (40 AU) Some from farther out (1/4 way to next star) - Oort Cloud (1LY=63000AU) http://herschel.jpl.nasa.gov/solarSystem.shtml Kuiper Belt – Many icy, rock objects beyond Neptune Asteroid Belt – Cluster of meteoroids between Mars and Jupiter Oort Cloud – Icy matter, including many comets way out here http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Eris_ Orbit.svg/644px-Eris_Orbit.svg.png Planet 9? • • • Part of Kuiper Belt and influences other orbits Show gif: http://www.universetoday.com/wpcontent/uploads/2016/03/Planet_Nine_animation.gif Video here with more info if interested: • http://www.universetoday.com/133555/planet-9-cantrun-forever-two-asteroids-give-clues/ Meteoroids/Asteroids *Orbit the sun *Mostly between Mars and Jupiter (Some throughout the solar system) *Rocky, sometimes icy *Most are oblong *Larger ones often called asteroids Gaspra *Meteoroids Small (grain size) to Minnesota size Largest asteroid, Ceres, at ~600 mi. is a dwarf planet 2nd largest asteroid, Vesta, at ~300 mi. but not as round or massive, so it remains an asteroid Vesta 2nd Largest Object in Asteroid Belt Planet or Dwarf planet or Asteroid? Vesta http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap120919.html Examples of Asteroids/meteoroids Gaspra http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/images/gaspra.gif 12 mi X 7 mi Mathilde Gaspra ~12mi X 7 mi Ida Gaspra (asterioid) Phobos (Mars’ moon) Deimos (Mars’ moon) Deimos http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap090316.html Lutetia from Rosetta/ESA ~100 km diameter http://www.esa.int/esa-mmg/mmg.pl?b=b&type=I&mission=Rosetta&single=y&start=4 Ida and Dactyl 36mi X 14 mi http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap990807.html Eros 21 mi NEAR Shoemaker Mathilde 37 mi x 29 mi Crater 20 mi wide X 6 mi deep Detail 1200 ft Asteroid Itokawa Mission Hayabusa http://www.isas.jaxa.jp/e/snews/2005/1102.shtml *Meteoroid- *Meteor- *Meteorite- Matter orbiting in space Matter glowing in Earth’s atmosphere Meteor on Earth *Asteroid – Larger meteoroids *Meteor (Shooting star, falling star) *Small (grain to pea size) Fast (~50 mi/s) Nearby (40 to 80 miles) Collide with Earth’s atmosphere, glow Most do not reach ground in tact Add thousands of tons to Earth each year Fireball Larger (marble size+) Basketball size+ can reach ground Chelyabinsk Meteor Still from a video of the Chelyabinsk meteor streaking across the sky. The video is available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dpmXyJrs7iU Or watch https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tq02C_3FvFo Why study meteorites? *Composition and origin of Moon, Mars, and asteroids Why study meteorites? *Estimate origin and age of our solar system (4.6 billion yrs) Why study meteorites? *Origin of life Murchison meteorite (1969) Why study meteorites? *Possible catastrophes for us Why study meteorites? *Summary: Composition of Moon, Mars, & asteroids Estimate origin and age of solar system Origin of life Possible catastrophes for us Barringer Crater in Winslow, AZ Meteor Crater in Winslow, AZ Barringer Crater Crater: 4/5 mile across, ~500 feet deep Occurred ~50 000 years ago Energy ~ 20 Megatons of TNT Original meteor ~ house size (45m), 300 000 tons Speed 40 000 mi/h Types of meteorites Iron-Nickel Stony-Iron Samples Stony *Comets *cosmic snowball * frozen gas, rock and dust *icy, fuzzy appearance, tail Bayeux Tapestry Comets *Hang in sky for days/weeks Comet McNaught http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap070212.html Credit & Copyright: Minoru Yoneto Comet – orbit • *Most have elliptical orbits • *Some in plane of solar system but some not *Comet – why do we see them? 1. Nears Sun & melts 2. Debris reflects sunlight 3. Sunlight blows debris away Interactive comet orbit at http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/comets/comet_model_interactive.html *Comet Parts Nucleus = Dense center Tail = gas/ice/dust blown back by sun Head = Nucleus + surrounding gas/ice/dust (Head and tail look dense but are not) Comet Nucleus– Old Description Frozen, dirty iceberg Comet Borrelly http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/target/Other?subselect=Target:Borrelly Comet Nucleus– New Description *Many are frozen, dirty icebergs *Others are loose collections of ice, gas, dust (ShoemakerLevy 9 - 1993) APOD – Wild 2 Comet Tempel 1 Size: ~1/3 Manhattan ~8kmX5km Average Comet Size (nucleus): few miles Size ~ 1/2 Manhattan (14kmX4km) Average Comet Tail: millions of miles Comet Parts Tail: Ions, gas, dust blown away by sun *Two tails: Gas tail – Ions and gas, blown straight back from Sun (white) Dust tail – Lags behind so looks curved (blue) Period of Comet *Long Period comets Out of plane Hale-Bopp (~4000 yr) http://www.eso.org/outreach/info-events/halebopp/comet-hale-bopp-summary-apr07-97-rw.html *Short Period comets In plane of solar system Halley (76 yr), Tempel-Tuttle (33 yr) Comet Orbit Most have very elliptical orbits Short period comets generally orbit in the plane of the solar system Long period comets orbit from all directions Suggests two “hideouts” or origins *Comet “Hideouts” Oort Cloud ~ 100 000 AU (~1 LY) long period comets, out-of-plane of SS Kuiper Belt ~ 40 – 1000 AU Kuiper Belt Objects (KBOs) short period comets, in-plane of SS Comet “Hideouts” *Why study comets? Water carriers? Original material of solar system Life? Rosetta and Philae at Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko http://www.universetoday.com/119296/dust-whirls-swirls-and-twirls-at-rosettas-comet/ Reminder: Meteors and comets seen for different reasons Meteors: In Earth’s atmosphere Comets: Not in Earth’s atmosphere *Meteor Shower Comet leaves trail of ice and dust Earth sweeps through the comet dust See 10s to 100s of meteors per hour http://astrobob.areavoices.com/2011/10/19/orionid-meteor-showercould-make-your-wildest-dreams-come-true/ Meteor showers Best ones Perseids Aug 10-14 Leonids Nov 14-19 Geminids Dec 10-13 Example here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6XTBrYWrey0 Meteor Streak from Meteor Shower http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/asteroidwatch/meteor.php What’s in our solar system? *Sun *Planets Terrestrial Jovian Dwarf Small Solar System Bodies *Meteoroids *Comets Dust – small particles in the cosmos http://www.techastronomy.com/UserFiles/2007/7/22/solar_system4(1).jpg Exoplanets Outside Our Solar System • Many other planets are being found • • We will talk about this after test 2 HUGE NEWS, SEVEN EARTH-SIZED WORLDS ORBITING A RED DWARF, THREE IN THE HABITABLE ZONE • http://www.universetoday.com/133556/huge-news-seven-earth-sizedworlds-orbiting-red-dwarf-three-habitable-zone/ TRAPPIST-1 planetary system, about 40 LY away with a cooler, red dwarf star (12x less massive than our sun) Next Lecture Greenhouse Gasses Threats to Our Environment - Dinosaur Extinction Homework • Test 2, Thursday, March 16 • 40 Multiple Choice questions + writing assignment • Mars/Saturn writing assignment (work on this over the break); See Calendar for details • Part of Test 2, PRINT and bring with you to Test 2 • 20 of 60 points • • • • • • FOCUS ON OBJECTIVES. Study objectives & quizzes. Next review slides. At least 10 questions from D2L quizzes will be on the test Compilation of test 2 objectives on test date of calendar Observations • Thursday, Friday, or Saturday – MoonCraters, Telesc, StarGazing • Como Planetarium Field Trip - Tuesday, March 21 (see next slide) Spring Break next week (no classes) Doppler Lab this week Observation: Planetarium • Start: Observing Project: Planetarium Feb. 14 • Due: May 4 • • • • • Class Field Trip To: Como Planetarium When: Tue. Mar. 21 Shows at 8:40am (section 1) and 9:50am (section 2) Bus times: • Leave MCTC at 8am or 9:15am • Return to MCTC about 10am or 11:15am • If you can’t go on the field trip, then go on your own time. See calendar for options Extra Student Help • Tuesday, February 28 – TOMORROW! • • • Wednesday, March 1st • • • • Hennepin County SNAP (food stamp, food support program) • T-Skyway, 1-3 p.m. (they will be away from the table from 1:30-1:50pm) Housing Help (Ages 16-24) • T 2300, 12-1 p.m. CAPSH Tax Clinic (free help with filing taxes) • T-1400, 11:00 a.m. – 3:00 p.m. MNSure Health Navigators • T-2300, 10:00 a.m.– 12:00 p.m. Legal Aid ***NEW*** • T 2300, 1:30 – 3:30 p.m. Thursday, March 2nd • Academic Advisors walk ins • Student Parent Center,T-1000, 10:00 a.m.– 12:00 p.m.