Download Chapter 7 Directed Reading B

Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________
Chapter 7 Directed Reading B
Section 1: Inside the Earth
1. What is the Earth made of?
a. several layers
c. solid rock
b. hollow space
d. one layer
THE COMPOSITION OF THE EARTH
Read the description. Then, draw a line to each description to the matching word.
2. substance made of two or more elements
a. compound
3. thinner, outer layer of Earth
b. core
4. layer between the crust and core
c. crust
5. layer made of the heaviest elements
d. mantle
PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH
6. number of Earth’s physical layers
7. layer of the Earth made of crust and upper mantle
8. part of the mantle made of solid rock that flows slowly
a. lithosphere
b. asthenosphere
c. five
Read the description. Then, draw a line to each description to the matching word.
9. strong, lower part of the mantle
a. outer core
10. liquid layer under the mantle
b. mesosphere
11. solid center of Earth
c. inner core
TECTONIC PLATES
Original content Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Holt Science and Technology
11
Plate Tectonics
Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________
12. What are large pieces of lithosphere that move on top of the asthenosphere called?
a. mantle pieces
c. tectonic plates
b. crust plates
d. puzzle pieces
A Giant Jigsaw Puzzle
13. How do tectonic plates fit together?
a. like a layer cake
c. like a stack of books
b. like a jigsaw puzzle
d. like a model car
A Tectonic Plate Close-Up
14. Which of the following is the thickest part of the South American plate?
a. the continental crust
c. the mantle
b. the oceanic crust
d. the mid-Atlantic Ocean
Like Ice Cubes in a Bowl of Punch
Circle the letter of the best answer for the question.
15. How are tectonic plates like ice cubes in a bowl of punch?
a. Tectonic plates move and touch each other.
b. Tectonic plates melt and become liquid.
c. Tectonic plates sink and disappear from the surface.
d. Tectonic plates freeze and become harder.
MAPPING THE EARTH’S INTERIOR
16. What causes seismic waves?
a. winds
c. magnetic reversal
b. an earthquake
d. rain
17. What can scientists find out about the Earth with a seismograph?
a. Earth’s density and thickness
c. Earth’s atmosphere
b. Earth’s age
d. Earth’s temperature
Original content Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Holt Science and Technology
12
Plate Tectonics
Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________
Section 2: Restless Continents
WEGENER’S CONTINENTAL DRIFT HYPOTHESIS
1. What is the hypothesis that all continents were created by the break-up of
Pangaea called?
a. continental spreading
c. Wegener’s puzzle
b. plate tectonics
d. continental drift
2. What do we now know happened to the landmass?
a. The landmass broke up and re-formed.
b. The landmass stayed the same.
c. The landmass broke up into new continents.
d. The landmass was covered by ocean.
3. How do fossils help explain continental drift?
a. Fossils show that animals crossed the Atlantic.
b. Fossils show when drift happened.
c. Fossils formed when drift happened.
d. The same kind of fossils are on both sides of the Atlantic.
THE BREAKUP OF PANGAEA
4. What did Wegener call the single large landmass?
a. Pangaea
c. Gondwana
b. Laurasia
d. Eurasia
SEA-FLOOR SPREADING
5. What made many scientists think the continents could not have changed
position?
a. They couldn’t find fossil evidence.
b. The rocks seemed too strong.
c. Earth seemed too young.
d. The oceans seemed too widely separated.
Original content Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Holt Science and Technology
12
Plate Tectonics
Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________
Mid-Ocean Ridges and Sea-Floor Spreading
6. What discovery led scientists to accept Wegener’s continental drift
hypothesis?
a. Pangaea
c. sea-floor spreading
b. seismographs
d. magma
Evidence for Sea-Floor Spreading: Magnetic Reversals
7. What is it called when Earth’s magnetic poles change places?
a. mid-ocean reversal
c. polar drift
b. magnetic reversal
d. sea-floor reversal
Magnetic Reversals and Sea-Floor Spreading
8. What is shown by magnetic minerals spreading from a mid-ocean ridge?
a. that mid-ocean ridges exist
b. that ocean volcanoes happen
c. that tectonic plates exist
d. that sea-floor spreading happens
Section 3: The Theory of Plate Tectonics
1. What is the idea that tectonic plates move around called?
a. plate theory
c. plate tectonics
b. tectonic theory
d. convergent theory
TECTONIC PLATE BOUNDARIES
2. What is a place where tectonic plates touch called?
a. a separation
c. a division
b. a collision
d. a boundary
Original content Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Holt Science and Technology
12
Plate Tectonics
Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________
CONVERGENT BOUNDARIES
Read the description. Then, draw a line to each description to the matching word.
3. boundary between tectonic plates that bump
into each other
a. transform boundary
4. boundary between tectonic plates that move
away from each other
b. convergent boundary
c. divergent boundary
5. boundary between tectonic plates that slide
past each other
POSSIBLE CAUSES OF TECTONIC PLATE MOTION
6. What does thermal energy cause in rock?
a. changes in density
c. changes in Earth’s core
b. changes in atmosphere
d. changes in the oceans
7. What happens when rock is heated?
a. Rock breaks.
c. Rock sinks.
b. Rock rises.
d. Rock becomes denser.
8. What happens when rock cools?
a. Rock breaks.
c. Rock sinks.
b. Rock rises.
d. Rock becomes denser.
Read the description. Then, draw a line to each description to the matching word.
9. edge of a tectonic plate sinks and pulls the rest
with it
10. gravity makes the tectonic plate slide downhill
a. ridge push
b. convection
c. slab pull
11. heating and cooling of rocks makes a tectonic
plate move sideways
Original content Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Holt Science and Technology
12
Plate Tectonics
Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________
TRACKING TECTONIC PLATE MOTION
12. How is the movement of tectonic plates measured?
a. in kilometers per year
c. in centimeters per year
b. in meters per year
d. in centimeters per day
The Global Positioning System
13. What do scientists use to measure tectonic plate movement?
a. clinometers
c. telescopes
b. the global positioning system
d. seismographs
Section 4: Deforming the Earth’s Crust
1. What do we call the amount of force placed on something?
a. stress
c. uplift
b. drift
d. bending
DEFORMATION
2. What is it called when rock changes shape because of stress?
a. deformation
c. compression
b. re-formation
d. tension
COMPRESSION AND TENSION
Read the words in the box. Read the sentences. Fill in each blank with the word or
phrase that best completes the sentence.
compression
tension
convergent
divergent
3. Stress that happens when something is squeezed is called ______________________
4. Rock layers are squeezed at ______________________ boundaries.
5. Stress that happens when something is stretched is called
______________________.
6. Rock layers are stretched at ______________________ boundaries.
Original content Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Holt Science and Technology
12
Plate Tectonics
Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________
FOLDING
7. What is the bending of rock layers because of stress called?
a. faulting
c. compression
b. folding
d. stress
Types of Folds
Read the description. Then, draw a line to each description to the matching word.
8. a rock layer fold that looks like an arch
a. anticline
9. a rock layer fold that dips down like a trough
b. monocline
10. a rock layer fold that looks bent in the middle
c. syncline
FAULTING
a. hanging wall
11. the surface along which rocks break and slide past
each other
b. footwall
12. fault block you could rest a foot on
c. fault
13. fault block you could hang from on a rope
Normal Faults
Read the words in the box. Read the sentences. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase
that best completes the sentence.
normal fault
reverse fault
strike-slip fault
sedimentary rock
14. When the hanging wall moves downward against the footwall it is a
______________________
Reverse Faults
15. When a______________________ fault moves, the hanging wall moves up relative to the
footwall.
Original content Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Holt Science and Technology
12
Plate Tectonics
Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________
Telling the Difference Between Faults
16. You can tell a fault is normal by looking at the order of ______________________ layers.
Strike-Slip Faults
17. When rock breaks and moves sideways in opposite directions, it is a
______________________.
PLATE TECTONICS AND MOUNTAIN BUILDING
18. What can faults and folds become?
a. a mid-ocean ridge
c. a mountain range
b. a tectonic plate
d. a volcano
Folded Mountains
19. What mountains are formed when rock layers are squeezed together and pushed up?
a. folded mountains
c. volcanic mountains
b. fault-block mountains
d. strike-slip mountains
Fault-Block Mountains
20. What type of mountains are formed when Earth’s crust is stretched?
a. folded mountains
c. volcanic mountains
b. fault-block mountains
d.strike-slip mountains
Volcanic Mountains
21. What type of mountains are formed when magma rises to Earth’s surface and erupts?
a. folded mountains
c. volcanic mountains
b. fault-block mountains
d. strike-slip mountains
UPLIFT AND SUBSIDENCE
22. What is it called when parts of the Earth’s crust rise?
a. uplift
c. rebound
b. subsidence
d. letdown
23. What is it called when parts of Earth’s crust sink?
a. uplift
c. rebound
b. subsidence
d. letdown
Original content Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Holt Science and Technology
12
Plate Tectonics
Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________
Uplifting of Depressed Rocks
24. What happens when rock layers rebound?
a. They break.
c. They sink lower.
b. They deform.
d. They return to their original elevation.
Subsidence of Cooler Rocks
25. What happens in the ocean when rock layers cool?
a. The ocean floor sinks.
c. The ocean floor rises.
b. The ocean floor erupts.
d. The ocean floor spreads.
Tectonic Letdown
26. What is a rift zone?
a. an ocean ridge
c. a set of deep cracks
b. a mountain range
d. a fault and a fold
Original content Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Holt Science and Technology
11
Plate Tectonics