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Warm UP: Turn in your field trip permission slip if you have it Take out note taking materials Homework: Christianity Six World Religions and One Belief Five Major World Religions Judaism Christianity Islam Confucianism (belief) Hinduism Buddhism Taoism Judaism, Christianity, & Islam View of Fellow Abrahamic Religions Judaism – “Islam and Christianity are false interpretations and extensions of Judaism.” Christianity – “Judaism is a true religion, but with incomplete revelation. Islam is a false religion.” Islam – “Jews and Christians are respected as fellow believers, but with wrong beliefs and only partial revelation.” 5 Brief History Judaism- The Hebrew leader Abraham founded Judaism in Mesopotamia around 1300 B.C. Judaism is the oldest of the monotheistic faiths (religions with one God). Christianity - Founded by Jesus Christ, who was crucified around A.D. 33 in Palestine in the city of Jerusalem. It was after his death when his followers came to believe in him as the Christ, the Messiah. Islam - Founded in Arabia by Muhammad in A.D. 622. 4000–550 BC Abraham’s Genealogy All 3 Religions are linked by Abraham—He is the patriarch of all 3 •Islam-Quran HAGAR •Judaism-Torah ABRAHAM SARAH Ishmael Isaac 12 Arabian Tribes Jacob/Israel Esau •Muhammad (the last prophet) •Quran and the Five Pillars of Islam Mecca (Muslims) 12 Tribes of Israel •2 Tribes - (Jews) of Judah •Other 10 tribes(Israelites) •Jesus Christ (son of God) (Hebrews) •The Hebrew Bible - Old Testament in the Christian Bible Judaism Briefly Judaism is over 3000 years old and is the oldest of the world's monotheistic religions (religions with only one God). It's also the smallest, with only about 14 million (7th) followers around the world. Its holy city is Jerusalem. Judaism Beliefs Jews believe that there is a single God (Yahweh) who not only created the universe, but with whom every Jew can have an individual and personal relationship. They await the Messiah, who will be an earthly king. They believe in heaven, but that God determines where they go after life on earth. Ten Commandments is the basic code of law. Judaism Holy Book The most holy Jewish book is the Torah (the first five books of the Christian Bible). Others include Judaism's oral tradition, the written form of which is known as the Talmud. The Torah (scroll of teachings) contains the five books revealed to Moses by God on Mount Sinai. Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy Judaism Place of Worship Jews worship in Synagogues or temples. Men and women usually sit separately. Worship is led by a Rabbi. Saturday (begins at sundown on Friday) is time for worship. Stamford Hill, London The Temple • According to the Bible, the First Temple for Jewish worship was built around 900-1000 BCE and destroyed by Babylonians in 586 BCE. • The Jews were then sent out of Canaan, but returned after 50 years in exile. • A Diaspora occurs when a group of people leave their homeland and move to many different locations separately. • All of the world’s Jewish communities today that do not live in present-day Israel are part of the Jewish Diaspora. The Temple • A new temple was finished 70 years later on the site of the First Temple, but was badly plundered by invading Romans about 54 BCE. • King Herod, a Jew, ruled Judea for the Romans. Under him the second temple was rebuilt in 20 BCE. • When the Romans attacked Jerusalem again in 70 CE(AD), they destroyed Herod’s temple. • Today, the single remaining temple wall, the Western Wall, is a place of prayer for Jewish pilgrims. • Jews moved away from the land again, until the modern state of Israel was formed in the late 1940s. Judaism – Map! Judaism in 1500 C.E. Judaism Today In 1500, located in Europe and Middle East Today, located in Israel and U.S. Christianity briefly Christianity is the world's largest religion, with about 2.2 billion followers worldwide. It is based on the teachings of Jesus Christ who lived in the Holy Land 2,000 years ago. Christianity Beliefs Christians believe that Jesus Christ was the Son of God God sent his Son to earth to save humanity from the consequences of its sins Jesus rose from the dead on the third day after his Crucifixion (the Resurrection) Christians believe that Jesus was the Messiah promised in the Old Testament Christians believe that there is only one God, but that this one God consists of 3 "persons“God the Father, God the Son, God the Holy Ghost--Trinity Christians believe that God made the world. Christianity Beliefs Christians believe that they can have a personal relationship with God, and that they are saved by faith, and good works. They believe in heaven and hell. They believe that the Bible is the inspired word of God. Christians Holy Book The Bible is the Christian holy book. It is divided into the Old and New Testaments. Parts of the writing contained in the Old Testament are also sacred to Jewish and Muslim people. Christian Place of Worship The Christian place of worship is called a Church, which are built in the shape of a cross with the altar facing east towards the rising sun. Services are led by a priest, pastor or reverend. Day of worship is normally Sunday. Westminster Abbey London Christian Sects Roman Catholicism vs. Eastern Orthodox-Christian Church divided when the Roman Empire was divided and then fell. Orthodox Christians do not recognize the authority of the Pope. Catholicism vs. Protestantism-as a result of the Reformation, Protestant sects broke with the Catholic Church and established their own separate churches. Christianity – Map! Christianity 1500 C.E. In 1500, located in Europe and Middle East Christianity Today Today, located in Americas and Europe Islam Briefly Islam is the second most popular religion in the world with 1.3 billion followers. Islam began in Arabia and was revealed to humanity by the Prophet Muhammad. Those who follow Islam are called Muslims. Muslims believe that there is only one God, called Allah, who speaks Arabic. Islam Holy Book The Muslim scripture is the Holy Qur'an. It is 'the word of God'. Muslim beliefs and practices are rooted in the Qur'an. Muslims treat the Qur'an with great respect because they believe that the Qur'an is from Allah, and every word and every letter is sacred. Muslims regard the Qur'an as the unaltered word of God. Islam Place of Worship The Muslim building for communal worship is called a Mosque. The word comes from the Arabic for "place of prostration". Worshippers are called to prayer 5 times a day from minarets – towers on the mosque corners. They contain only designs, no people or animals or furniture. Normal day of worship is Friday. Religious leaders are called imams. Grand mosque in Mecca Five Pillars Belief system/law code Shahadah: declaration of faith "I bear witness that there is no god, but God; I bear witness that Muhammad is the prophet of God." By reciting this, one enters Islamic faith. Salah: Pray 5 times a day facing Mecca Muslims are required to pray five times a day, washing themselves before prayer and facing in the direction of Mecca while praying. Zakat: Give a fixed proportion to charity Muslims are required to give away a percentage of their earnings to those less fortunate, regardless of their religion. Saum: Fast during the month of Ramadan Muslims fast for one lunar month each year, a period called Ramadan. During this time, Muslims reflect on their behavior and strive to purify their thoughts. Hajj: Make a pilgrimage to Mecca If it is financially possible, Muslims are required to travel to Mecca once in their lifetime. The Hajj Hijja: The month of pilgrimage during which all Muslims, at least once in their life, should try to make the pilgrimage to Mecca and worship at the Kaaba Muslim Sects Sunni-the majority Shia-the minority The split rose from an early dispute over who should be the leader of Islam after the death of Muhammad. The Sunnis argued that the successor should be appointed by election and consensus, as tradition dictated. (Sunni comes from the Arabic word Sunna , meaning “tradition.”) The Shia believed that Muhammad's successors should come from his family, starting with Ali, his son-in-law. These, the partisans of Ali, were named from the word Shia , meaning “partisan” in Arabic. Islam – Map! Islam in 1500 C.E. In 1500, located in Middle East, Africa, and Southern Europe Islam Today Today, located in Middle East, Africa, and Asia 2500 – 250 BC Hinduism The religion of Hinduism developed and evolved over a long time in India, giving rise to a variety of beliefs and practices and to other religions, including Buddhism. One of the oldest religions of humanity, founded in 1500 BCE or earlier. It is the 3rd largest religion in the world. No particular founder Brahman 2500 – 250 BC What do Hindus believe? 1. Brahman -the eternal being - created and preserves the world. Everything in the world is an aspect of Brahman. 2. Atman - the soul – each person has one that is an aspect of Brahman. Can’t ever be destroyed. 3. Devas – manifestations of Brahman that are active in the world and who help to maintain order. 3 of the most common—Brahma, Vishnu, & Siva 4. Reincarnation – being reborn into this world lifetime after lifetime (Samsara) 5. Karma – the sum effect of a person’s actions, good and bad, which helps shape future experiences 6. Moksha - goal of human existence, escape from the cycle of reincarnation to join with the Brahman. 7. Dharma – set of spiritual duties and obligations that must be fulfilled to achieve moksha. 2500 – 250 BC What are the Sacred Texts? Oldest, most authoritative: 1. Four Vedas (“truth”) – sacred hymns of praise Contain knowledge revealed by Brahman 2. Upanishads – philosophical reflections on the Vedas Also revealed to, not written by, people the Great Indian Epics (composed by sages) Ramayana Mahabharata (includes BhagavadGita) Both tell stories that reflect on what it means to live according to Vedic teachings What are the religious practices of Hinduism? 2500 – 250 BC Vary greatly because worship can take place anywhere—usually a temple or in the home. Spiritual leaders are called gurus or sages. Yoga-integrated physical and mental exercises. They teach people to focus their minds and bodies which will aid their meditation in order to attain moksha Pilgrimage to Ganges (thought it flows through 2 devas so its water is holy. Bathing in it will purify them and remove bad karma. Ultimate goal of life – to release Atman and reunite with the divine, becoming as one with Brahman (Moksha) Who do Hindus worship? – 3 Most Important Devas 2500 – 250 BC Brahma, the creator Siva, the Destroyer Vishnu, the Preserver All these deities are but Aspects of the impersonal Brahman Hinduism – Map! Hinduism in 1500 C.E. Hinduism Today AUM! AUM! AUM! Hinduism located in India and SE Asia Then and Now 2500 – 250 BC Buddhism •Buddhism, which teaches people that they can escape the suffering of the world through the Buddhist teachings, developed in Northeast India in 520 BCE and spread to other parts of Asia •4th largest religion in the world 2500 – 250 BC Siddhartha Gautama (563-483 BCE) Unlike Hinduism, Buddhism can be traced to one single founder, Siddhartha Gautama Prince of a small kingdom; he lived a sheltered life and sought the answer to ending suffering After years of meditation and searching, he sat under a Bodhi tree where he became Enlightened He transformed into the Buddha-the Enlightened One. 2500 – 250 BC The Teachings of Buddhism What is the fundamental cause of all suffering? Desire! Therefore, extinguish the self, don’t obsess about oneself. Give up all materials and possessions of the world. 2500 – 250 BC Four Noble Truths There is suffering in the world. To live is to suffer. The cause of suffering is people’s desires for pleasure and material goods. The solution is to eliminate desire and attachments. (Nirvana = “extinction”) To reach nirvana, one must follow the Eightfold Path. Eightfold Path 2500 – 250 BC Right Understanding Right Speech Right Intention Right Action Right Livelihood Right Effort Right Concentration Right Mindfulness 2500 – 250 BC Eightfold Path Nirvana Nirvana is a state of perfect peace in which the soul would be free from suffering forever. It would escape from the cycle of rebirth. If nirvana is not achieved, then the soul would be reborn to live through the cycle of suffering again. Spiritual leaders are called monks or lamas. Worship takes place in a temple or meditation hall. Sacred Texts Pali Canon Dhammapada Both record the words of the Buddha The Spread of Buddhism Interactive Map http://www.eduplace.com/kids/socsci/books/application s/imaps/maps/g6_u7/ 2500 – 250 BC Types of Buddhism Therevada Buddhism Mahayana Buddhism Tibetan Buddhism 2500 – 250 BC Theravada Buddhism The oldest school of Buddhism. Found in southern Asia. The monastic life is the best way to achieve nirvana. Focus on wisdom and meditation. Goal is to become a “Buddha,” or “Enlightened One.” Over 100,000,000 followers today. Mahayana Buddhism 2500 – 250 BC Founded in northern Asia (China, Japan). Buddhism “for the masses.” One doesn’t need to be a monk or nun to reach nirvana; anyone can do it with some help. Seek guidance from Boddhisatvas, wise beings, people who have found enlightenment but have stayed on earth to help others find their way. Goal: Not just individual escape from the wheel, but the salvation of all humanity through self-sacrifice of those who are already enlightened.d few. 2500 – 250 BC Tibetan Buddhism Developed in Tibet in the 7c CE. A mix of Theravada and Mahayana. Boddhisatvas include Lamas, like the Dalai Lama. Buddhism – Map! Buddhism in 1500 C.E. Buddhism Today Buddhism located in Southeast and East Asia (China) Then and Now Confucianism Briefly The system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius and his disciples, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct. Origin: 1860-1865 Confucianism Beliefs Confucianism is predominately practiced in China, Asia, and in some areas in North America. The Confucius teachings and principles were founded around 500 BC, in China. The teachings and principles play a major role in the Chinese culture today. The teachings put a big emphasis on the importance of achieving Harmony. Confucianism Beliefs cont. In Confucianism, social harmony is the ultimate goal of every follower. This means that everyone must know their place in the social order. Relationships among different groups of people, is key in Confucianism. The five cardinal relations include: Ruler and subject; father and son; husband and wife, elder and younger brother, friend to friend. These bonds are categorized in ways that show respect and obedience from one group to the next. It is greatly emphasized that family is the center of everything and comes before the individual person. There are five virtues taught in Confucianism. The first virtue is Ren, which is humaneness; Humaneness can be defined as the quality of compassion for others, which can include both people and animals. Three of the key concepts of Ren are love, mercy, and humanity. The second virtue is Yi. Yi means honesty and righteousness. The third virtue is Li, which means propriety and correct behavior. The fourth virtue is Zhi, which stands for wisdom or knowledge. The fifth virtue is Xin, which stands for fidelity and sincerity. Confucianism Holy Book The Analects were a collection of sayings written down by Confucius' students in the period approximately seventy years after his death. The second book in the Confucian canon, the Meng-tzu, is named after its author, also known as Meng K'o or Mencius (371289 B.C.E.). There are many additional texts written about Confucianism. Confucianism Place of Worship Chinese people built Confucian temples in honor of his great contribution to Chinese culture. Confucian temples are called Kong Miao in Chinese; they are famous for their large scale, rich cultural relic collection and their artistic value. Among these holy temples, the Confucian temple in Qufu in Shandong Province, which consists of Cemetery of Confucius (Kong Lin), Temple of Confucius (Kong Miao) and the Confucius Family Mansion (Kong Fu) is regarded as one of the holy cities in the world. The Temples of Confucius in Beijing, the Confucian Temple in Nanjing and the Confucius Temple in Shanghai are also well worth visiting. Confucianism Map: Taoism Briefly a Chinese philosophy based on the writings of Lao-tzu ( fl. 6th century BC), advocating humility and religious piety. Taoism (also called Daoism) is a religious or philosophical tradition of Chinese origin that emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao (also romanized as Dao). The term Tao means "way", "path", or "principle", and can also be found in Chinese philosophies and religions other than Taoism Taoism Beliefs The ancient Chinese religion of Taoism is not entirely distinct from Confucianism or Chinese folk religion, for all Chinese religion and philosophy operate within the same ancient worldview. Since earliest times, Chinese thought has been characterized by an awareness of man's close relationship with nature and the universe, a cyclical view of time and the universe, veneration or worship of ancestors, the idea of Heaven, and belief in the divinity of the sovereign. Both Confucianism and Taoism operate within this worldview and incorporate many of its concepts. These two organized belief systems are best viewed as complementary rather than competitive. While Confucianism concerns itself with the social and moral side of life, Taoism focuses on the individual, spiritual life. Taoism Fundamentals: Ch'i Ch'i is a fundamental concept in Chinese philosophy and culture. Death and Afterlife In Taoism, life and death are merely two aspects of reality, the unchanging Tao. Death is simply a transformation from being to non-being; from yang to yin. Immortals The spiritual beings of primary importance in religious Taoism are the Immortals (Xian in Chinese). Purpose of Life The focus of most religious Taoism is attaining immortality. The Tao The ultimate reality in Taoism is the Tao, or Way. Taoism Holy Book Tao Te Ching The key book of Taoism was compiled around the 3rd century BCE. It's called the Tao Te Ching (Dao De Jing or Daode Jing) - The Way and Its Power, and is also known as the Lao-tzu. This short book of around 5,000 Chinese characters is divided into 81 brief chapters filled with short, enigmatic paragraphs of advice on life, and poetic descriptions of the nature of the universe. Taoists regard the Tao Te Ching as the essential guide to living a full spiritual and ethical life. No one person wrote the Tao Te Ching. Although elementary textbooks usually say it was written by Lao Tzu (Laozi) this is untrue. The book is probably a collection of the proverbs and sayings of many anonymous people over a long period of time. The earliest Western version of the Tao Te Ching was a Latin translation made by the Jesuits in the late 18th century. Taoism Holy Book cont. Chuang-tzu Another important book is the Chuang-tzu. Although this was published after the Tao Te Ching, its compilation began earlier. Like the Tao Te Ching, although it is attributed to a man named Chuang Tzu (Zhuangzi), it is a collection of the wisdom of many different people. The thinking that led to the Tao Te Ching was probably influenced by an older book called the Nei yeh. This includes early writings on some key Taoist ideas, particularly ch'i, although some of the ideas differ from their later Taoist form. Taoist Place of Worship The place of worship Taoists go to for worshiping Tao is the Gong. The Gong is a place where Taoists can mix their thoughts and ideas of construction with ancient ideas of construction. There are 3 types of Gongs. Palace-like, regular, and simple huts or caves. Although a Gong can look like a Buddhist temple, Gong statues from the Yin and Yang which are dragon and tiger are placed outside main gates. Taoists have a choice of either worshiping at home or at the Gong.