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Provocatores - (Challengers Protected by a Breastplate) History, Facts and Information about the Provocatores Gladiators were divided into different classes according to their weapons and fighting styles. There were strict rules and protocol surrounding the fights of gladiators. A gladiatorial fight would usually involve two gladiators but similar types of gladiators such as the Provocatores, would not normally fight each other. The first Roman Gladiators were prisoners of war and used the weapons and equipment characteristic of their people. The early enemies of Rome included the Samnites, the Thracians and the Gauls (Gallus) and gladiators were named according to their ethnic roots. This changed over the years and the names of the different types of gladiators reflected their combat techniques such as Secutores (chasers), Bestiarii (beast fighters) and Retiarius (net fighters). Gladiators were always clothed and armed to resemble barbarians with unusual and exotic weapons and their fights depicted famous victories over barbarians and the power of the Roman Empire. Definition: The Provocatores (meaning 'challenger') were a type of Roman gladiator who 'challenged' other Provocatores in combat Opponent: This type of gladiator only fought with another Provocator Helmet - The Provocatores were recognisable by their armor and weapons and easily distinguished by a helmet without crest called a Provocator Galea (helmet) and he was the only gladiator to have effective protection for the upper body in the form of a rectangular breastplate Weapons: This type of gladiator fought with a sword (the gladius) Body Armor and helmet worn by this type of gladiator: A Spongia was a small chest plate formed of a single piece of metal, or other rigid material, which covered the chest of the gladiator. He wore an Ocrea, or metal greave, on the lower left leg. His right arm and wrist was protected by a manica of tied linen or leather Shield: They used the scutum, a rectangular, semi-cylindrical body shield Clothing worn: Canvas Loin Cloth (subligaculum) worn in a variety of colors, sandals or barefoot Eques - (Horseback And Sword Gladiators) History, Facts and Information about the Eques Gladiators were divided into different classes according to their weapons and fighting styles. There were strict rules and protocol surrounding the fights of gladiators. A gladiatorial fight would usually involve two gladiators but similar types of gladiators such as the Eques, would not normally fight each other. The first Roman Gladiators were prisoners of war and used the weapons and equipment characteristic of their people. The early enemies of Rome included the Samnites, the Thracians and the Gauls (Gallus) and gladiators were named according to their ethnic roots. This changed over the years and the names of the different types of gladiators reflected their combat techniques such as Secutores (chasers), Bestiarii (beast fighters) and Retiarius (net fighters). Gladiators were always clothed and armed to resemble barbarians with unusual and exotic weapons and their fights depicted famous victories over barbarians and the power of the Roman Empire. The Eques gladiator is also referred to in the plural as Equites, but this does get confused with one of the two upper social classes of Rome who are also called Equites. Definition: The Eques was a horseman, or an equestrian (Latin eques, plural equites) Opponent: This type of gladiator only fought with other equites Weapons: This type of gladiator fought with a lance (the lancea) or a verutum which was a short, light throwing spear and a sword (the gladius) or a long straight sword with single or double edge called a spatha Body Armor and helmet worn by this type of gladiator: The Galea, a visored helmet, without a decorative crest, in place of which there were at least two feathers such as those taken from the ostrich, parrot, peacock or eagle. They were also known to wear an arm-guard (manica) Shield: A medium-sized, round, cavalry shield (parma equestris) or a large oval body-shield called a Clipeus Clothing worn: The Equites wore shirt-like, belted, sleeveless tunics (tunica). The sword belt was called a Balteus The Role of the Eques (pl. Equites) There were therefore many different types of gladiator, including the Eques, who specialised in using specific weapons, armor and shields and applying different combat styles and tactics. The role of the eques was that of a horsemen. The equites were the first to compete in the day's schedule of gladiatorial games. These Gladiators were lightly armored as their role required agility. The equites entered the arena on horseback. Their opponents were other equites and their first round of combat would involve throwing a (lancea) or a verutum which was a short, light throwing spear. The eques would then quickly dismount and continue to fight on foot with their short sword (gladius), a 27 inch short straight sword. Samnites - (Large Shields and Plumed Helmets) History, Facts and Information about the Samnites Gladiators were divided into different classes according to their weapons and fighting styles. There were strict rules and protocol surrounding the fights of gladiators. A gladiatorial fight would usually involve two gladiators but similar types of gladiators such as the Samnites, would not normally fight each other. The first Roman Gladiators were prisoners of war and used the weapons and equipment characteristic of their people. The early enemies of Rome included the Samnites, the Thracians and the Gauls (Gallus) and gladiators were named according to their ethnic roots. This changed over the years and the names of the different types of gladiators reflected their combat techniques such as Secutores (chasers), Bestiarii (beast fighters) and Retiarius (net fighters). Gladiators were always clothed and armed to resemble barbarians with unusual and exotic weapons and their fights depicted famous victories over barbarians and the power of the Roman Empire. The Samnites were warriors from Samnium. Samnium was located in south central Italy. The Samnite Wars ended in the Roman domination of the Samnites. The Samnites were some of the earliest gladiators who appeared in the Roman games shortly after the defeat of Samnium in the 4th century BC. The Samnite evolved into the Secutores, once the Samnites had been absorbed into the Roman state. Samnites were some of the earliest types of gladiators and may have been the model for the later as Hoplomachus, Secutores and Murmillones. During the period of the Roman Republic "heavy" fighters were termed as Samnites Helmet - The Samnites were recognisable by their armor and weapons and easily distinguished by a helmet with a plumed crest. This visored helmet (galea) had a large crest and plume Opponent: This type of gladiator usually fought with a Retiarius (pl. Retiarii meaning "net-man" or "netfighter") who was a Roman gladiator who fought with equipment styled on that of a fisherman. The Retiarius (Retiarii) were lightly armored so they had the advantage of agility, mobility and speed. Weapons: The Samnite gladiator fought with a sword (the gladius). The Gladius was the 27 inch short straight sword, broad towards the handle, after which the gladiator was named. The gladius was designed to thrust and parry rather than to cut and slice. Body Armor and helmet worn by this type of gladiator: He wore an Ocrea, or metal greave, on the lower left leg. His right arm and wrist was protected by a manica of tied linen or leather Shield: The earliest Samnites used the scutum, a rectangular, semi-cylindrical body shield but as time passed this was replaced by a small circular shield called a parmula Clothing worn: Canvas Loin Cloth (subligaculum) worn in a variety of colors, sandals or barefoot Samnites - Matched Pairs Combats between similarly armored gladiators would demonstrate superior skills when gladiators were fighting against equally armed opponents. However, contrasting types of fighters were also carefully selected in order to achieve a reasonably fair pairing. Matched pairs of gladiators of would ensure that one fighter was hampered by heavy armor whilst the other was lightly armed. One gladiator might have freedom of movement but with little to nothing to protect him, whereas the other gladiator might be more heavily armed and protected but restricted in his movements by his equipment. There were therefore many different types of gladiator, including the Samnites, who specialised in using specific weapons, armor and shields. Hoplomachi - (Armed Fighters) History, Facts and Information about the Hoplomachi Gladiators were divided into different classes according to their weapons and fighting styles. There were strict rules and protocol surrounding the fights of gladiators. A gladiatorial fight would usually involve two gladiators but similar types of gladiators such as the Hoplomachi, would not normally fight each other. The first Roman Gladiators were prisoners of war and used the weapons and equipment characteristic of their people. The early enemies of Rome included the Samnites, the Thracians and the Gauls (Gallus) and gladiators were named according to their ethnic roots. This changed over the years and the names of the different types of gladiators reflected their combat techniques such as Secutores (chasers), Bestiarii (beast fighters) and Retiarius (net fighters). Gladiators were always clothed and armed to resemble barbarians with unusual and exotic weapons and their fights depicted famous victories over barbarians and the power of the Roman Empire. Definition: The word ‘hoplomachus’ derives from the Greek words meaning ‘heavily armed’. The Hoplomachi gladiator originated from the Hellenic warriors called the ‘hoplites’. Well built gladiators, heavily armored and therefore slow During the period of the Roman Republic "heavy" fighters were termed Samnites and in the Empire Period they became known as Hoplomachus Opponent: This type of gladiator fought with similarly heavily armored gladiators. The Hoplomachi was limited in his speed because of the weight of his heavy armor so combats against lightly armored and speedy opponent gladiators would have been interesting to the Romans. Often matched against the murmillo Weapons: This type of gladiator fought with a sword (the gladius). The Gladius was the 27 inch short straight sword, broad towards the handle, after which the gladiator was named. The gladius was designed to thrust and parry rather than to cut and slice. The Gladius Graecus was a leaf-shaped short sword originally used by the Greek hoplites and also used by Hoplomachus gladiators. A dagger called a pugio or a semispathae or half-swords might also be one of this gladiator's weapons. The Hoplomachi also carried a lance (hasta). The hasta was not thrown, it was used for thrusting and approximately six feet in length. The gladiators who used the gladius sword were those who were armed with body-shields such as the secutor, myrmillo, hoplomachus and the dimacheris. Body Armor and helmet worn by this type of gladiator: Protected by a Galea visored helmet with a massive crest ridge. He wore an Ocrea, or metal greave, on the lower left leg. His right arm and wrist was protected by a manica of tied linen or leather Shield: Hoplomachi carried a Parmula which was was a small, light bronze shield, usually round but occasionally square. They were also believed to have used the scutum, a rectangular, semi-cylindrical body shield Clothing worn: Canvas Loin Cloth (subligaculum) worn in a variety of colors, sandals or barefoot Hoplomachi - Matched Pairs Combats between similarly armored gladiators would demonstrate superior skills when gladiators were fighting against equally armed opponents. However, contrasting types of fighters were also carefully selected in order to achieve a reasonably fair pairing. Matched pairs of gladiators of would ensure that one fighter was hampered by heavy armor whilst the other was lightly armed. One gladiator might have freedom of movement but with little to nothing to protect him, whereas the other gladiator might be more heavily armed and protected but restricted in his movements by his equipment. There were therefore many different types of gladiator, including the Hoplomachi, who specialised in using specific weapons, armor and shields. Thracian - (Thrax, Curved Sword) History, Facts and Information about the Thracian Gladiators were divided into different classes according to their weapons and fighting styles. There were strict rules and protocol surrounding the fights of gladiators. A gladiatorial fight would usually involve two gladiators but similar types of gladiators such as the Thracian, would not normally fight each other. The first Roman Gladiators were prisoners of war and used the weapons and equipment characteristic of their people. The early enemies of Rome included the Samnites, the Thracians and the Gauls (Gallus) and gladiators were named according to their ethnic roots. This changed over the years and the names of the different types of gladiators reflected their combat techniques such as Secutores (chasers), Bestiarii (beast fighters) and Retiarius (net fighters). Gladiators were always clothed and armed to resemble barbarians with unusual and exotic weapons and their fights depicted famous victories over barbarians and the power of the Roman Empire. The Thracian gladiators were so named because they resembled fighters from Thrace which was a region of northern Greece and one of the earliest enemies of Rome. Definition: The Thracian was a lightly armed Roman gladiator Opponent: This type of gladiator fought with the Murmillones and the Hoplomachi. Weapons: This type of gladiator fought with a curved sword (siccae). The sica, or siccae, was a curved scimitar, a short, curved sword, with a blade about 16-18 inches long commonly used by both the Thracian gladiator and the Dimachaerus This was a strong slashing weapon The helmet of the Thracian had a tall crest (crista) with a distinctive griffin. The helmet had a wide brim and a visor to cover the face. Feathers were also used to decorate his helmet Body Armor worn by this type of gladiator: The Thracian wore a manica of tied linen or leather to protect his sword arm. He also had padded leg protection over which he wore a pair of high greaves which ended above his upper thigh Shield: A circular or quadrangular small shield (parmula) Clothing worn: Canvas Loin Cloth (subligaculum) worn in a variety of colors, sandals or barefoot Thracian - Matched Pairs Combats between similarly armored gladiators would demonstrate superior skills when gladiators were fighting against equally armed opponents. However, contrasting types of fighters were also carefully selected in order to achieve a reasonably fair pairing. Matched pairs of gladiators of would ensure that one fighter was hampered by heavy armor whilst the other was lightly armed. One gladiator might have freedom of movement but with little to nothing to protect him, whereas the other gladiator might be more heavily armed and protected but restricted in his movements by his equipment. There were therefore many different types of gladiator, including the Thracian, who specialised in using specific weapons, armor and shields. Murmillones - (The Fish-Men) History, Facts and Information about the Murmillones Gladiators were divided into different classes according to their weapons and fighting styles. There were strict rules and protocol surrounding the fights of gladiators. A gladiatorial fight would usually involve two gladiators but similar types of gladiators such as the Murmillones, would not normally fight each other. The first Roman Gladiators were prisoners of war and used the weapons and equipment characteristic of their people. The early enemies of Rome included the Samnites, the Thracians and the Gauls (Gallus) and gladiators were named according to their ethnic roots. This changed over the years and the names of the different types of gladiators reflected their combat techniques such as Secutores (chasers), Bestiarii (beast fighters) and Retiarius (net fighters). Gladiators were always clothed and armed to resemble barbarians with unusual and exotic weapons and their fights depicted famous victories over barbarians and the power of the Roman Empire. The Murmillones symbolised Vulcan the God of Fire. History and Origins of the Murmilliones The Romans enjoyed the spectacle of watching the fighting styles of their defeated enemies. But the Murmillones, a variety of the Secutores, emerged to fight the Retiarius gladiator. The Retiarii used the trident as a weapon which was also well known as s symbol and weapon of Neptune, the God of the Sea. The Murmillo (meaning 'the one following'), symbolised Vulcan the God of Fire, because fire always pursues. A fight symbolising the opposites of fire and water. The Murmillo was a variation of the Secutores gladiators. Definition: The Murmillones was a type of Roman Gladiator. The Murmillones evolved as a gladiator in order to fight the Retiarii (net-fighter) and wore a helmet with a stylized fish on the crest (the mormylos or sea fish) from where his name derives Opponent: This type of gladiator usually fought with a Retiarius (pl. Retiarii meaning "net-man" or "netfighter") who was a Roman gladiator who fought with equipment styled on that of a fisherman. The Retiarius (Retiarii) were lightly armored so they had the advantage of agility, mobility and speed. Murmillo Galea Helmet - The Murmillones wore a helmet with a stylized fish on the crest (the mormylos or sea fish) Weapons: This type of gladiator fought with a sword (first the the gladius which was eventually replaced by the Spatha). The gladiators who used the gladius were those who were armed with body-shields such as the secutor, hoplomachus and the dimacheris. Body Armor and helmet worn by this type of gladiator: He wore an Ocrea, or metal greave, on the lower left leg. His right arm and wrist was protected by a manica of tied linen or leather The purpose of the small eye-holes in the helmets of the opponents of the Retarius was to prevent the narrow prongs of the retiarius' trident from penetrating to the eyes . Shield: The Murmillones carried a large, rectangular, semi-cylindrical body shield called a scutum Clothing worn: Canvas Loin Cloth (subligaculum) worn in a variety of colors, sandals or barefoot Murmillones - Matched Pairs Combats between similarly armored gladiators would demonstrate superior skills when gladiators were fighting against equally armed opponents. However, contrasting types of fighters were also carefully selected in order to achieve a reasonably fair pairing. Matched pairs of gladiators of would ensure that one fighter was hampered by heavy armor whilst the other was lightly armed. One gladiator might have freedom of movement but with little to nothing to protect him, whereas the other gladiator might be more heavily armed and protected but restricted in his movements by his equipment. There were therefore many different types of gladiator, including the Murmillones, who specialised in using specific weapons, armor and shields. Secutores - (Two Small Eye-Holes in Helmet) History, Facts and Information about the Secutores Gladiators were divided into different classes according to their weapons and fighting styles. There were strict rules and protocol surrounding the fights of gladiators. A gladiatorial fight would usually involve two gladiators but similar types of gladiators such as the Secutores, would not normally fight each other. The first Roman Gladiators were prisoners of war and used the weapons and equipment characteristic of their people. The early enemies of Rome included the Samnites, the Thracians and the Gauls (Gallus) and gladiators were named according to their ethnic roots. This changed over the years and the names of the different types of gladiators reflected their combat techniques such as Secutores (chasers), Bestiarii (beast fighters) and Retiarius (net fighters). Gladiators were always clothed and armed to resemble barbarians with unusual and exotic weapons and their fights depicted famous victories over barbarians and the power of the Roman Empire. The Secutor (meaning 'the one following') symbolised Vulcan the God of Fire, because fire always pursues. The Secutores evolved from one of the first types of gladiators called the Samnites. History and Origins of the Secutores The Romans enjoyed the spectacle of watching the fighting styles of their defeated enemies. But the Secutores, a variety of the Murmillones, emerged to fight the Retiarius gladiator. The Retiarii used the trident as a weapon which was also well known as s symbol and weapon of Neptune, the God of the Sea. The Secutor (meaning 'the one following'), symbolised Vulcan the God of Fire. A fight symbolising the opposites of fire and water. Definition: The Secutores was a type of Roman Gladiator. The gladiator "Secutor" (meaning 'chaser' ) got his name from his fighting technique The Secutores wore a smooth, round, close-fitting helmet that minimized it being caught by the Retiarius' net. The helmet also had two small round eye holes. Opponent: This type of gladiator usually fought with a Retiarius (pl. Retiarii meaning "net-man" or "netfighter") who was a Roman gladiator who fought with equipment styled on that of a fisherman. The Retiarius (Retiarii) were lightly armored so they had the advantage of agility, mobility and speed Weapons: This type of gladiator fought with a sword (first the the gladius which was eventually replaced by the Spatha) Body Armor worn by this type of gladiator: He wore an Ocrea, or metal greave, on the lower left leg. His right arm and wrist was protected by a manica of tied linen or leather The purpose of the small eye-holes in the helmets of the opponents of the Retarius was to prevent the narrow prongs of the retiarius' trident from penetrating to the eyes Shield: The Secutores carried a large, rectangular, semi-cylindrical body shield called a scutum Clothing worn: Canvas Loin Cloth (subligaculum) worn in a variety of colors, sandals or barefoot Secutores - Matched Pairs Combats between similarly armored gladiators would demonstrate superior skills when gladiators were fighting against equally armed opponents. However, contrasting types of fighters were also carefully selected in order to achieve a reasonably fair pairing. Matched pairs of gladiators of would ensure that one fighter was hampered by heavy armor whilst the other was lightly armed. One gladiator might have freedom of movement but with little to nothing to protect him, whereas the other gladiator might be more heavily armed and protected but restricted in his movements by his equipment. There were therefore many different types of gladiator, including the Secutores, who specialised in using specific weapons, armor and shields. Retiarii - (Net Fighters) History, Facts and Information about the Retiarii Gladiators were divided into different classes according to their weapons and fighting styles. There were strict rules and protocol surrounding the fights of gladiators. A gladiatorial fight would usually involve two gladiators but similar types of gladiators such as the Retiarii, would not normally fight each other. The first Roman Gladiators were prisoners of war and used the weapons and equipment characteristic of their people. The early enemies of Rome included the Samnites, the Thracians and the Gauls (Gallus) and gladiators were named according to their ethnic roots. This changed over the years and the names of the different types of gladiators reflected their combat techniques such as Secutores (chasers), Bestiarii (beast fighters) and Retiarius (net fighters). Gladiators were always clothed and armed to resemble barbarians with unusual and exotic weapons and their fights depicted famous victories over barbarians and the power of the Roman Empire. In the movie Spartacus Kirk Douglas assumes the role of a Thracian and is matched against a Retiarii played by the actor Woody Strode. Definition: A Retiarius (pl. Retiarii meaning "net-man" or "net-fighter") was a Roman gladiator who fought with equipment styled on that of a fisherman The Retiarius (Retiarii) were lightly armored so they had the advantage of agility, mobility and speed. Unlike other gladiators, except the similar Laquerarii, they wore no helmets and had no form of anonymity there faces were on view to everyone Opponent: This type of gladiator fought with the heavily armed gladiators such as the secutor or a mirmillo The Secutores or Murmillones wore a helmet with a stylized fish on the crest (the mormylos or sea fish) The symbolism between the Retiarius against the Secutores or Murmillones represented the fisherman and his prey, the fish His fighting technique was evasive and his tactics were to entangle his opponent with his net and then skewer him as a fisherman with his trident Weapons: This type of gladiator fought with a a weighted net called a 'rete' a three-pointed trident called a fuscina or tridens) and a dagger called a pugio. The Fascina were long, three-pronged, metal tridents (harpoons) The spacing between the prongs of the tridents varied - they were sometimes spaced in order to stab through the eyes of their opponents or used to wrench the sword from his opponent The purpose of the small eye-holes in the helmets of the opponents of the Retarius was to prevent the narrow prongs of the retiarius' trident from penetrating to the eyes Body Armor and helmet worn by this type of gladiator: The Retiarius fought without a helmet and no body armor other than a "Galerus" which a distinctive metal shoulder guard fashioned so that the neck and head were protected but the head movements of the Retiarii were unrestricted. Shield: None The Latin word 'Iaculum' was a generic term for all weapons to be flung at the enemy, such as nets, lassos, javelins and slings Clothing worn: Net-men wearing tunics, known as retiarii tunicati and wore sandals or went barefoot Retiarii Weapons - The Net or 'Rete' The rete used by the retiarius was made of strong hemp-rope, with small blades or leaden balance weights attached to the sides. When the circular shaped net was thrown the weights enables a spreading effect. There was a stronger thread running round the perimeter of the net (rete) enabling the Retiarii to tighten it around his opponent. The net was fastened to the wrist of the Retiarii with a separate thread to make retrieval easier.