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Transcript
Islam “Muslim” = “a person who submits to God’s will.” (or “Moslem”) “Islam” = “the act of submission to God.” This became the name of the religion. “Allah” = God, in Arabic The Great Mosque at Mecca Islam No bishops or priests. Humans are free to choose whether and how to submit to God’s will. All Muslims are equal except in their obedience to God’s will. It is a faith and a way of life. Muhammad Born about 570 AD. Had been an orphan of Mecca. Raised by relatives. Met Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians. Objected to paganism of Mecca. 610 AD: Is visited by the angel Gabriel. Revelation of the Quran. He is “God’s long-awaited messenger to the Arabs.” Later: a prophet for all humanity. Basic Beliefs God’s will for all humanity was last revealed to Muhammad. God is all-powerful and all-knowing. Angels are the most powerful servants of God. Believed he was the last prophet in the same line as Abraham, etc. Expected Jews to recognize him as God’s messenger. Attracted the hostility of Mecca’s leaders. Disruptive to families. Threatening to the established order. Sept. 622: Muhammad and followers go to Medina. “The Hijra” Year one of Islamic calendar. United his followers as a community. “Umma” Barred from hajj (pilgrimage) to Mecca. 630: Returned and conquered Mecca. Both a religious and political leader- Prophet and lawgiver. Islam as both a faith and a sociopolitical system. Died in June 632. Seen by Muslims as exemplar of Muslim virtues- Piety, patience, humor, kindness, generosity, and sobriety. The Quran God is revealed by words He inspired in the prophets. Includes the Jewish Torah, Christian Gospels, and the Quran. The Quran is “God’s perfect revelation.” It “corrects corruptions” in the other books. The Quran Contains laws, stories from the past, and devotional pieces for guidance and recitation. 114 chapters of rhymed prose Some parts focus on injunctions and prohibitions Other parts focus on God’s power and Judgment Day Respected Jews and Christians as “People of the Book” Messengers Muslims also recognize others as prophets: Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jonah, Job, Jesus Agree Jesus was born of Virgin Mary and will return Deny he was crucified or was the son of God Judgment Day The living will join those already dead, before the heavenly throne, to be judged for their acts Paradise as a shaded garden Fountains, food and water, plentiful virgins Peace and harmony; presence of God Hell is filled with torment The Five Pillars of Islam 1. Witness “There is no god but God, and Muhammad is His prophet.” 2. Worship Ritual prayer five times a day, facing Mecca. Wash hands, arms, feet, and faces first. Men encouraged to worship as a group. Women worship at home. Friday noon worship at mosques 3. Fasting Fast during the month of Ramadan Daybreak to sunset Refrain from eating, drinking, smoking, and sex. Extra time praying. 4. Tithing (or sharing) Give a specified share of income or property to help the needy. Wealthy give additional gifts to the poor, sick, young, etc. 5. Pilgrimage (Hajj) Journey to Mecca at least once in a Muslim’s life, if able During the twelfth month of the year. Various rites including circling the Ka’ba. These acts bring Muslims together. Jihad “The sixth pillar of Islam”? “Jihad” = “Struggle in the way of God” Controversial even within Islam: Holy war against all other religions? Or just defending Islam against attacks (even verbal)? Branches Shi’ite Muslims Followed Muhammad’s descendants Majority in Iran and Iraq Traditional Sunni Muslims Followed the strongest leader, not Muhammad’s relatives Majority of Muslims everywhere else Prohibitions No intoxicating liquors, mind-altering drugs, gambling, or usury No eating of flesh of pigs Men may not wear silk clothes or gold jewelry Harsh penalties for murder, theft, and other crimes Prohibition against idols Sexual relations should not occur outside of marriage. Most marriages are arranged by parents. Varying rules about separation of the sexes, and the appropriate covering of women. Different rules in different countries Dress modestly; avoid nudity Social reasons for covering women…