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Grammar Subject & Verb Agreement 1 = congruentie van onderwerp en werkwoord Rule Example A singular subject =a singular verb Abstract subjects There = substitute subject Inversion or auxiliary One concept The car is broken. Love is great. There is no road here. Does/ Can he write poems? Red beans & rice is my favourite food. No smoking or drinking is allowed. Jen or Eva is to blame for this! All of the chicken is gone. Either the bear or the lion has escaped the zoo. Everybody wants to be loved. Each, every or no Or All of + singular subject Either/neither Indefinite pronouns:Everybody/no one Gerund Collective nouns: the crowd, Europe, the herd, the senate Titles of books, movies, songs,… ___________________________ A plural subject = plural verb There = substitute subject Nouns thar are always plural Auxiliaries Do & Are (= Hulpwerkwoord) Modal Auxiliaries Copulas 2 3 4 And combination All of + plural noun Two plurals combined Few, many, some, little, several Auxiliary + Infinitive of the verb Jumping was a bad idea. The class was furious. Lord of the Rings is film. __________________________ The apples are rotten. There are no cars on the road. The media are manipulative. Scissors are dangerous. You and I are happy together! All of the chickens are gone. Dogs and cats are sweet. Few people died in the crash. Do you smoke? Did he smoke? NOT: Did he smoked!!!!! Do: For questions For negations For question tags Do / Did you want coffee? I don’t / didn’t want coffee. Does/ Did he study regularly? No, he doesn’t/ didn’t. Are: + ing form Can/Could = kunnen/ zou kunnen Are/were they talking? No they aren’t/weren’t talking. Can/could you help me? Will/Would = zullen/ willen Will/would you help me? Koppelwerkwoorden + adjective ( not: + adverb) I am mad. I am an Englishman. It sounds great. It looks good. Word Order: not, (n)ever, always, yet, still 5 be, seem, appear, look, sound, smell, taste, feel, become, get. These adverbs are placed before the main verb (hoofdwerkwoord) It becomes / gets more intense. I still see him. I have always loved you. I don’t yet see him !Also: I don’t see him yet. I will never hurt you. 1 Word Order: Adverbs of Place & Time Adjective & Adverb 6 7 The rule is: Place precedes time Bijwoorden van plaats komen vòòr bijwoorden van tijd. Bijvoeglijk naamwoord with a noun with a copula ( = koppelwerkwoord) Bijwoord = + -ly with an adjective with a verb Types of Adverbs Personal Pronouns 8 9 I will meet you at the pool at 8 am. I’ll see you at your office before lunch. A beautiful day. The food is great. He is seriously ill (= adj.). He speaks fluently. Adverb of place = Where? Adverb of time= When? Adverb of manner= How? Adverb of purpose = Why? To what end? Adverb of frequency= Ho many times? Persoonlijke voornaamwoorden He He He He plays tounaments in Europe. swims every day at 8 am. plays enthusiastically. works out to keep in shape. Onderwerpsvorm= I, you, he, she, it, we, they, who They arrested us. He trains every morning. You called him. He believed me. Lijdend Voorwerp= me, you, him, her, it, us, them, whom They had trusted them. Who is calling me? To whom are we talking? Demonstrative Pronouns 10 Aanwijzende voornaamwoorden this, plural: these = nearby that, plural: those = far away Relative Pronouns That, Who, Which (= betrekkelijke voornaamwoorden) Relative Pronouns Who, Whose & Whom (= betrekkelijke voornaamwoorden) 11 12 Betrekkelijke voornaamwoorden who = for people This pen that I am holding. These fingers on my hand. That book over there. Those countries across the ocean. She’s the one who rescued me. that = for a defining clause = necessary information There’s the team that has won. which = for a non-defining clause when that was already used before in the sentence = non necessary information Who is a subject pronoun The gift, which was big, made him very happy. That’s the team which has won. Whom is an object pronoun Whom did he call? He called John (= object) Whose is a possessive pronoun Whose trousers are these? Who is that girl (= subject)? 2 Relative Pronouns Where, When, Why 13 Where = place When = time Why = reason Reflexieve voornaamwoorden Myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves Reflexive Pronouns 14 Indefinite Pronouns Possessive Pronouns 15 Bezittelijke voornaamwoorden mine, yours, yours, his, her, hers, its,our, ours, their, theirs, whose The Possessive Form 16 De Bezittelijke wijze + apostrophe (‘)+ s (= weglatingsteken) ! plurals and words already ending in s : + apostrophe (‘) Plurals 17 Normal = + s After sibilants = + es After consonant + y = + ies Exceptions!!! Comparatives Superlatives Much, Many, A lot of 18 19 20 Vergelijkende trap The place where he used to live. Wake me up when we leave. The reason why he dropped out. I got myself into trouble. He poured himself a drink. We can only blame ourselves. They kept it to themselves. This seat is mine! Whose bicycle is this? It belongs to us, it is ours. That jacket, is that yours? It’s not our fault, it’s theirs! My father’s job Danny’s car The men’s pub The Johnsons’ house Jess’ mobile phone Tim & Ann’s daughter We went to the doctor’s (house) Yesterday’s newspaper Cars, books, trains Boxes, sandwiches, roses, garages Cities, ladies, babies Leaves, mice, geese, teeth, men, oxen, fish, tomatoes, feet, … I feel better/ sicker. Tot 2 lettergrepen= + -er Meer dan 2 = + more Ending in –y = + ier I am more independent now. Overtreffende trap I am the best/ greatest. Tot 2 lettergrepen= + -est Meer dan 2 = + most Ending in –y = + -iest I am the most serious / independent. Quantifiers/kwantificeerders Much = for uncountable nouns Ontelbare zn. Many = for countable nouns Telbare zn. ! I am happier, worse, I am the happiest person alive! I don’t have much time. I have many friends. I eat a lot of fruit and vegetables. A lot of = countable & uncountable nouns 3 Some & Any Few & Less & Little 21 Some = for positive statements I see some cows in the field. 22 Any = for negative statements Few = with countable nouns I don’t see any cows in the field. There are few children here. Less/ Little = with uncountable nouns There is little work left to do. = positive view There is less money left. = negative view Then & Than 23 Dan = time (= tijdsaanduidend) It is then hat we met, in 1996. There, Their, They’re 24 Dan = comparison (vergelijkend) There = er It is larger than that. There is no milk. Their = hun It is their house. They’re= they are= ze zijn It’s = it is = het is They’re not ready. It’s not okay. The child lost its book. I feel great. The way I feel, is great. It’s & Its 25 Capital “I” 26 Must & Have to 27 Its = bezittelijk van it The personal pronoun I is always written with a capital (hoofdletter) in English Must = for affirmative statements Whose & Who’s 28 Have to = for negative statements Who’s = who is You don’t have to do this. Who’s at the door? 29 Whose = of who (=wiens, van wie) Like = a preposition ( voorzetsel) Whose book is this? He thinks just like me. The car is as good as new. It’s not as good as before. As you have said, it’s not true. Come, sit beside me. Like & As As = a conjunction (voegwoord) Beside & Besides Further & Farther 30 31 Beside = "close to" or "by the side of." Besides = "in addition to." Farther = length or distance. Further = "to a greater degree," "additional," or "additionally." Hanged & Hung To raise & To rise 32 33 I simply must see the show. Besides me, Ann and Tom will be there. London is farther north than Juneau. This plan requires further study. According to my timetable, we should be further along. Hanged = executed by hanging. The murderers were hanged. Hung = suspended" otherwise. We hung the towels out on the clothesline to dry. To rise = to get up (rose, risen) The sun rises in the east. The temperature rose to 100 degrees. Mary raised her hand. The government is going to To raise = to make higher, build (raised, raised) 4 To lay & To lie 34 Lay means "to place something down." (To lay, laid, laid) raise taxes. Lay that book on the table. Just lie there and stay still! Lie means "to recline" or "be placed." (To lie, lay, lain) Older & Elder 35 The comparative of old is older. We use elder when we are talking about members of a family. Of & Off To & Too 36 37 Michael looks older than he really is My elder sister is an actress. We use elder only before a noun. My sister is older than me. (not elder than me) Of = van = possession This is the car of my cousin. Off = ver van = position & movement The island is far off. Get off my chair. Off = + phrasal verbs To = before an infinitive To put off the task. (uitstellen) To walk, I want to leave To = preposition of movement The train to Ghent is leaving. Too = adverb =“also”, “in addition” Are you coming to the party, too? I will be too late. Pronouns of Agreement So, too, either, neither 5