Download Grammar Rule Example

Grammar
Subject & Verb
Agreement
1
= congruentie van
onderwerp en
werkwoord
Rule
Example
A singular subject =a singular verb
Abstract subjects
There = substitute subject
Inversion or auxiliary
One concept
The car is broken.
Love is great.
There is no road here.
Does/ Can he write poems?
Red beans & rice is my
favourite food.
No smoking or drinking is
allowed.
Jen or Eva is to blame for this!
All of the chicken is gone.
Either the bear or the lion has
escaped the zoo.
Everybody wants to be loved.
Each, every or no
Or
All of + singular subject
Either/neither
Indefinite pronouns:Everybody/no
one
Gerund
Collective nouns: the crowd,
Europe, the herd, the senate
Titles of books, movies, songs,…
___________________________
A plural subject = plural verb
There = substitute subject
Nouns thar are always plural
Auxiliaries Do & Are
(= Hulpwerkwoord)
Modal Auxiliaries
Copulas
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3
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And combination
All of + plural noun
Two plurals combined
Few, many, some, little, several
Auxiliary + Infinitive of the verb
Jumping was a bad idea.
The class was furious.
Lord of the Rings is film.
__________________________
The apples are rotten.
There are no cars on the road.
The media are manipulative.
Scissors are dangerous.
You and I are happy together!
All of the chickens are gone.
Dogs and cats are sweet.
Few people died in the crash.
Do you smoke? Did he smoke?
NOT: Did he smoked!!!!!
Do: For questions
For negations
For question tags
Do / Did you want coffee?
I don’t / didn’t want coffee.
Does/ Did he study regularly?
No, he doesn’t/ didn’t.
Are: + ing form
Can/Could = kunnen/ zou kunnen
Are/were they talking?
No they aren’t/weren’t talking.
Can/could you help me?
Will/Would = zullen/ willen
Will/would you help me?
Koppelwerkwoorden
+ adjective ( not: + adverb)
I am mad. I am an Englishman.
It sounds great. It looks good.
Word Order: not,
(n)ever, always, yet,
still
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be, seem, appear, look, sound,
smell, taste, feel, become, get.
These adverbs are placed before
the main verb (hoofdwerkwoord)
It becomes / gets more intense.
I still see him.
I have always loved you.
I don’t yet see him
!Also: I don’t see him yet.
I will never hurt you.
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Word Order: Adverbs
of Place & Time
Adjective & Adverb
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The rule is: Place precedes time
Bijwoorden van plaats komen vòòr
bijwoorden van tijd.
Bijvoeglijk naamwoord
with a noun
with a copula ( =
koppelwerkwoord)
Bijwoord = + -ly
with an adjective
with a verb
Types of Adverbs
Personal Pronouns
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I will meet you at the pool at 8
am.
I’ll see you at your office before
lunch.
A beautiful day.
The food is great.
He is seriously ill (= adj.).
He speaks fluently.
Adverb of place = Where?
Adverb of time= When?
Adverb of manner= How?
Adverb of purpose = Why? To what
end?
Adverb of frequency= Ho many
times?
Persoonlijke voornaamwoorden
He
He
He
He
plays tounaments in Europe.
swims every day at 8 am.
plays enthusiastically.
works out to keep in shape.
Onderwerpsvorm=
I, you, he, she, it, we, they, who
They arrested us.
He trains every morning.
You called him.
He believed me.
Lijdend Voorwerp=
me, you, him, her, it, us, them,
whom
They had trusted them.
Who is calling me?
To whom are we talking?
Demonstrative
Pronouns
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Aanwijzende voornaamwoorden
this, plural: these = nearby
that, plural: those = far away
Relative Pronouns
That, Who, Which
(= betrekkelijke
voornaamwoorden)
Relative Pronouns
Who, Whose & Whom
(= betrekkelijke
voornaamwoorden)
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Betrekkelijke voornaamwoorden
who = for people
This pen that I am holding.
These fingers on my hand.
That book over there.
Those countries across the
ocean.
She’s the one who rescued me.
that = for a defining clause
= necessary information
There’s the team that has won.
which = for a non-defining clause
when that was already
used before in the sentence
= non necessary information
Who is a subject pronoun
The gift, which was big, made
him very happy.
That’s the team which has won.
Whom is an object pronoun
Whom did he call?
He called John (= object)
Whose is a possessive pronoun
Whose trousers are these?
Who is that girl (= subject)?
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Relative Pronouns
Where, When, Why
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Where = place
When = time
Why = reason
Reflexieve voornaamwoorden
Myself, yourself, himself, herself,
itself, ourselves, yourselves,
themselves
Reflexive Pronouns
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Indefinite Pronouns
Possessive Pronouns
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Bezittelijke voornaamwoorden
mine, yours, yours, his, her, hers,
its,our, ours, their, theirs, whose
The Possessive Form
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De Bezittelijke wijze
+ apostrophe (‘)+ s
(= weglatingsteken)
! plurals and words already ending
in s : + apostrophe (‘)
Plurals
17
Normal = + s
After sibilants = + es
After consonant + y = + ies
Exceptions!!!
Comparatives
Superlatives
Much, Many, A lot of
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Vergelijkende trap
The place where he used to
live.
Wake me up when we leave.
The reason why he dropped out.
I got myself into trouble.
He poured himself a drink.
We can only blame ourselves.
They kept it to themselves.
This seat is mine!
Whose bicycle is this?
It belongs to us, it is ours.
That jacket, is that yours?
It’s not our fault, it’s theirs!
My father’s job
Danny’s car
The men’s pub
The Johnsons’ house
Jess’ mobile phone
Tim & Ann’s daughter
We went to the doctor’s (house)
Yesterday’s newspaper
Cars, books, trains
Boxes, sandwiches, roses,
garages
Cities, ladies, babies
Leaves, mice, geese, teeth,
men, oxen, fish, tomatoes, feet,
…
I feel better/ sicker.
Tot 2 lettergrepen= + -er
Meer dan 2 = + more
Ending in –y = + ier
I am more independent now.
Overtreffende trap
I am the best/ greatest.
Tot 2 lettergrepen= + -est
Meer dan 2 = + most
Ending in –y = + -iest
I am the most serious /
independent.
Quantifiers/kwantificeerders
Much = for uncountable nouns
Ontelbare zn.
Many = for countable nouns
Telbare zn.
! I am happier, worse,
I am the happiest person alive!
I don’t have much time.
I have many friends.
I eat a lot of fruit and
vegetables.
A lot of = countable & uncountable
nouns
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Some & Any
Few & Less & Little
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Some = for positive statements
I see some cows in the field.
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Any = for negative statements
Few = with countable nouns
I don’t see any cows in the field.
There are few children here.
Less/ Little = with uncountable
nouns
There is little work left to do.
= positive view
There is less money left.
= negative view
Then & Than
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Dan = time (= tijdsaanduidend)
It is then hat we met, in 1996.
There, Their, They’re
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Dan = comparison (vergelijkend)
There = er
It is larger than that.
There is no milk.
Their = hun
It is their house.
They’re= they are= ze zijn
It’s = it is = het is
They’re not ready.
It’s not okay.
The child lost its book.
I feel great.
The way I feel, is great.
It’s & Its
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Capital “I”
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Must & Have to
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Its = bezittelijk van it
The personal pronoun I is always
written with a capital (hoofdletter)
in English
Must = for affirmative statements
Whose & Who’s
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Have to = for negative statements
Who’s = who is
You don’t have to do this.
Who’s at the door?
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Whose = of who (=wiens, van wie)
Like = a preposition ( voorzetsel)
Whose book is this?
He thinks just like me.
The car is as good as new.
It’s not as good as before.
As you have said, it’s not true.
Come, sit beside me.
Like & As
As = a conjunction (voegwoord)
Beside & Besides
Further & Farther
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Beside = "close to" or "by the side
of."
Besides = "in addition to."
Farther = length or distance.
Further = "to a greater degree,"
"additional," or "additionally."
Hanged & Hung
To raise & To rise
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33
I simply must see the show.
Besides me, Ann and Tom will
be there.
London is farther north than
Juneau.
This plan requires further study.
According to my timetable, we
should be further along.
Hanged = executed by hanging.
The murderers were hanged.
Hung = suspended" otherwise.
We hung the towels out on the
clothesline to dry.
To rise = to get up
(rose, risen)
The sun rises in the east.
The temperature rose to 100
degrees.
Mary raised her hand.
The government is going to
To raise = to make higher, build
(raised, raised)
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To lay & To lie
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Lay means "to place something
down." (To lay, laid, laid)
raise taxes.
Lay that book on the table.
Just lie there and stay still!
Lie means "to recline" or "be
placed." (To lie, lay, lain)
Older & Elder
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The comparative of old is older.
We use elder when we are talking
about members of a family.
Of & Off
To & Too
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37
Michael looks older than he
really is
My elder sister is an actress.
We use elder only before a noun.
My sister is older than me.
(not elder than me)
Of = van = possession
This is the car of my cousin.
Off = ver van = position &
movement
The island is far off.
Get off my chair.
Off = + phrasal verbs
To = before an infinitive
To put off the task. (uitstellen)
To walk, I want to leave
To = preposition of movement
The train to Ghent is leaving.
Too = adverb =“also”, “in addition”
Are you coming to the party,
too?
I will be too late.
Pronouns of
Agreement
So, too, either,
neither
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