Download Ch. 3 – Section 2

Ch. 3 – Section 2
Comprehensive review
Standard: Distinguish
between the structure and
function of the four major
organic macromolecules found
in living things.
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Molecules of life
• Life depends on the interactions of
molecules.
• All carbon (organic molecules) are groups
of atoms formed around the carbon atom.
• Functional groups help you to remember
the standard “describe proteins,
carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids by:
drawing their organic molecules”
Here is a review from yesterday:
Identify the Carboxyl group:
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Identify the Carbonyl group
FYI: R groups are where the
rest of the molecule attaches.
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Remember Carboxyl is the
combo of the two
saturated
fat
Acetic acid (vinegar)
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Phosphate, sugar and a nitrogenous
base are found on
nucleic acids (DNA, RNA)
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Where is the Amino group?
Amino groups are found in
amino acids which
are the building blocks of __________?
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What are the 4
macromolecules?

Carbohydrates

Lipids
Nucleic Acids

Proteins
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We will take one macromolecule
at a time and review
We will start with
carbohydrates.
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Carbohydrates
• Standard – you should be able to describe
What foods contain them.
What foods are carbohydrates?
Sugars (glucose, fructose, sucrose)
Starches (potatoes, rice, corn, wheat)
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What other things contain
carbohydrates?
Plant fibers (cellulose)
Chitin (shells of snails, fingernails,
exoskeletons of insects)
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Standard: describe the function
of the macromolecule
What is the function of glucose in the human
body?
- To provide chemical energy
Where in the human body is it found?
- In the blood as a simple sugar
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Standard: Describe the
structure of the glucose
molecule by drawing it.
• Draw the glucose molecule.
• What atoms (elements) does it contain?
• What is the shape?
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We just reviewed glucose.
What is the other monomer of
carbohydrates ?
• Fructose
• Where is it found?
• Is it as sweet as or sweeter than glucose?
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Standard: You must know the
structure of fructose.
• Draw the fructose molecule:
• What shape does it have?
• What atoms (elements) does it contain?
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Simple Carbohydrate
• Since glucose and fructose are
MONOMERS, they are considered to be
SIMPLE.
• POLYMERS – like glycogen, starch, chitin,
cellulose are COMPLEX carbohydrates
since they are made of long chains.
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Glucose and Fructose are
simple sugars
• Simple sugars are simple because they are
ONE ring of carbon.
• ONE is not used in science. The prefix
used is _____________.
• Sugar is not used in science. The word for
sugar is _____________________.
• Put together, simple sugars are called
____________________________.
Glucose and Fructose are
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Molecules with 2 sugars
• Sucrose
• Sucrose is not a monosaccharide.
• Sucrose is made of TWO sugar
molecules so it is called a
_________________________.
You must be able to determine the structure
of sucrose, so draw it. (next slide)
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Draw it - sucrose
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The standard also says you
need to know where it is found.
• Where is sucrose found in nature?
• Sugar beets, sugar cane
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The other disaccharide sugar is
found in milk
• It is called ___________________.
• Glucose + galactose =
_______________________
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We can test for sugar in foods.
Ice cream has sugar in it.
MMMMM. Ben and Jerry’s is good ice
cream.
The chemical indicator used to test for sugar
in foods is called
____________________.
The control is the color ______________.
A positive test result is the color ________.
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Quick review-carbohydrate
names
• Monosaccharides - Glucose, Fructose
• Disaccharides - Sucrose, galactose
Notice that they all end in OSE ?????
Sugars end in OSE –this helps you
remember most carbs!
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BIG CARBOHYDRATES
**These are called POLYSACCHARIDES**
The most common one is STARCH
THIS is a Carbohydrate TOO
Standard “describe carbs by writing about
the foods that contain them”.
What foods contain starch?
Potatoes, corn, wheat, rice
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We test for starch using the
indicator
• ________________.
• The control color is __________.
• The positive reaction when starch is
present will be the color
________________.
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Polysaccharides are “many sugar”
monomers linked together in chains.
• Polysaccharides are large molecules.
There are 3
Glucose
Monomers in this
polysaccharide.
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Cellulose – a polysaccharide
• Cellulose is made of glucose monomers.
• Cellulose is found in plant fibers.
• Cellulose is the most abundant organic
molecule on earth. WHY?
• What is the function of cellulose?
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CHITIN (ki-ten)
Made of a modified form of glucose
molecules.
Exoskeletons of insects, crabs made of it.
Very resistant to chemical breakdown
What animals have Chitin on them?
What is the function of the Chitin?
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OUR NEXT REVIEW
MOLECULE
PROTEIN
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PROTEINS
• Atoms (elements) found in proteins are:
CHON Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
• The monomers of proteins are called amino
acids. (also called “building blocks”)
• Common proteins are enzymes, hair, horns,
muscle, skin.
• The bonds that hold proteins together are called
peptide bonds.
• Long chains are called polypeptides,
• One or more polypeptides make protein molecules
Amino Acids
• There are 20 of them.
• They all have the basic structure:
• The R group changes for each amino
acids. It makes each AA unique.
• How many R groups are there?
Proteins
• Chains of amino acids will form proteins
that do thousands of different jobs in the
cell.
One of the most vital jobs is that of an
enzyme.
• Enzymes reactions have three main parts:
Enzyme, substrate and active site. (video)
Lipids- another name for fat
• Lipids are large, non-polar organic
molecules.
• Non-polar means that they do not dissolve
in water, but lay on top of it or form
bubbles in it.
• Lipids store lots of energy – more than
any other molecule, even sugars.
• This is because they have more C – H
bonds in the same space– they are denser
molecules.
Kinds of lipids
•
•
•
•
•
Fatty Acids
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Waxes
Steroids
Fatty Acids
• Have a carboxyl group at the head end –
COOH
• The head end is non-polar. The carbon tails
are polar.
• The polar end is hydrophilic – attracted to
water.
• The non-polar end is hydrophobic – repelled by
water.
• Lipid molecules are important because they
form the cell walls of our cells and control the
flow of substances into and out of the cell.
Saturated and Unsaturated fats
• Your book is wrong – don’t read it. Pg. 59
parag.3
• Both fats have “carbon chain tails”.
• Saturated fats have single bonds to carbon
which allows the tails to be straight. These fats
stick to each other neatly and will not pour.
This is butter and crisco.
• Unsaturated fats have double bonds and
cause the tails to “bend or kink” and this kink
does not allow the fats to layer flat together.
• The area between them allows the fats to flow
over each other like vegetable oils that pour.
Triglygerides
• Tri = three
• Three fatty acid tails = triglycerides
• These are your butters and crisco –
saturated fats.
• Unsaturated triglycerides are found in
seeds like sunflower seed oil and peanut
oil.
Phospholipids – another fat
• These have two fatty acids attached to a
non-polar glycerol molecule.
• Found in the phospholipid bilayer of the
cell.
• Controls what goes in and out of the cell.
Waxes
• Fatty acids that form waterproof chains.
• They are the waxy films on plant stems.
• They are the waxes in our ears. (did you
know some people do not have wax in their
ears-gene is not there)
Steroids
• These are hormones that are lipids, but not
fatty acids.
• These are formed of rings of carbon with
functional groups attached.
• They are the cholesterol, and part of the
cell membrane skeleton.
Last macromolecule – Nucleic Acids
• DNA – RNA
• Monomers are nucleotides.
• Nucleotides are made of: sugar,
phosphate and a nitrogenous base.