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First functional one developed by ____________ ______________ in 1869. What’s its primary purpose? Brief history of P.T. (3:39) The genius of Mendeleev (4:24) According to the Oxford Dictionary, biochemistry is “the branch of __________ concerned with the _____________ and physicochemical processes that occur within _________ _________________” Write down everything you know about this equation: C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy What is this? Why did I put it on this slide? The term “atom” comes from the Greek word atomos, which means “unable to be _______”. First coined by Greek philosopher ___________ 2500 years ago. ατομοσ Three main subatomic particles • What are they? • What are their charges? Neutrality of atoms – What causes this? Atomic number? Atomic mass? How small is an atom? (5:27) You can't touch anything! (5:29) A pure substance consisting entirely of one type of ___________ Atoms of the same element that differ in the number of ___________ (See Fig 2-2 on p. 36.) Isotopes of hydrogen Substance formed by the chemical union of two or more _____________ Chemical structure of NaCl Way of showing the chemical ______________ of a compound (C6H12O6) It tells us the _____________ in the compound and their __________ (how many atoms there are of each element). Bond formed when one or more electrons are _____________ from one atom to another Bond formed when electrons are ___________ between atoms; stronger and far more common in organisms than ________ Know difference between polar and non-polar covalent bonds Ionic and covalent bonds (1:57) Hydrogen bonds form when a _____ atom covalently bonds to an O or N atom in another molecule. H bonds form because the larger atoms (with more protons) pull the _____ from the H atoms closer to them, making them partially _____ and the H atoms partially _____. H bonding (:56) Slight attraction that develops between ____________ ____________ regions of molecules (mainly ______ molecules) Van der Waals and the gecko (8:22) Gecko's foot Attraction between molecules of the ___________ substance BELLY FLOP!! Surface tension: property of a ___________ that allows it to resist an external force due to internal cohesive forces = smallest surface area possible Surface tension (1:24) Attraction between molecules of _____________ substances; makes life possible – How?? Notice how the water adheres to the glass and forms a _________. Even distribution of a solute in a ________ • Example: Saltwater (Salt is the __________ and water is the __________.) Heterogeneous mixture of undissolved ___________ in a solvent Indicates the concentration of ______ ___________ in a solution Acid – any compound that forms _____ _________ in a solution (________ on pH scale) Base – any compound that forms ______ __________ in solution (________ on pH scale) Buffers – weak _______or ________ that counteract strong acids or bases to prevent sudden, sharp changes in ______ The study of all compounds containing carbon is called __________ ___________. Carbon has four valance ___________ that can covalently bond with electrons of other atoms It readily combines with other _________ atoms to form straight and branching _________ and will also form _________. Forms single, double, and triple covalent _________ Carbon nanotube bandage for preemies (coated w/ iodine solution) Proteins: Always made of an __________ group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH) and an R-group. The _____-__________ is what differentiates one amino acid from another. Proteins needed for growth, repair, _______________ production, etc, etc…. Amino acids held together by covalent bonds called _____________ bonds Monomer: _________ ________ End with –ine (ex: valine) CHONS What do proteins do? (4:07) There are four levels of protein structure (from simple to complex): • Primary • Secondary • Tertiary • Quaternary Nucleic acids: Monomer:___________ (consists of a 5-carbon ____________, a ________________ group, and a ________________ base) They store and transmit ___________ information. Two kinds of nucleic acids: ______ and _______ PONCH DNA and proteins (3:24) Carbohydrates: formed from C, H, and O most often in the ratio of _________ (example: glucose – C6H12O6) Main source of __________ and give cells _______ (cell walls, parts of cytoskeleton) Monomer: __________________ Many have the suffix -_______ di-, and polysaccharides (__________) Cellulose – most abundant organic chemical on Earth (polysaccharide) CHO Lipids: Large, mostly insoluble molecules Fats, oils, and waxes Used to store _________ and make up important parts of membranes, especially _______ membrane Monomer: _____________ combined with a ________ acid Saturated and ______________ • Chemically speaking, what’s the difference? CHO Processes that ___________ one set of chemicals into another Reactant – element or compound that ___________ a chemical reaction Product - element or compound _____________ by a chemical reaction C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (_________) (__________) Biological (organic) catalysts that __________ up chemical __________ by lowering the activation ___________ End with –________ and their name is related to the compound they act upon Example: lactase – speeds up the reaction that breaks down the disaccharide __________ into the monosaccharides galactose and glucose Introduction to enzymes (4:46) Roles of Enzymes (3:35) Affected by __________, ______________, and ______ These factors can change the ___________ of the enzymes (_____________), making them nonfunctional. Substrates and active site – What are they? Lock-and-key model becomes _______-_____ model Protein (enzyme) denaturation (3:55)