Download Time From the Perspective of a Particle Physicist

Yearly Motion: Earth orbits Sun
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Stars and Planets
• Stars are “fixed” relative to each other. They
produce their own light which is independent of
Sun’s location (thus indicating they are very far
away - the Greeks understood this)
• Planets have complicated (but predictable) orbits
when viewed from the Earth. Wanderers.
Brightness does depend on Sun. Small numbers of
such objects (5 planets visible to unaided eye)
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Stars and Planets
• What stars you see in a given night changes
through the year. And depends on latitude (NorthSouth location)
• Planets are located along the ecliptic and which
you can see at any time changes each month/year
 Today, mini-Planetarium program followed by a
simple “star wheel” and star locations.
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Star and Planet Locator
(aka Planisphere or Star Wheel)
Date
Time
Pole star
Northern hemisphere
Horizon
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Star Wheel
• Stars “move” East to West over the course
of one Night (in circle about the North Star)
• Stars “move” East to West by 2 hours per
month and “return” to the same position
after one Year
• It’s just caused by Earth’s daily spin and
yearly orbit about the Sun
• Star wheel depends on latitude: northern vs
southern hemisphere completely different
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Constellations
• Stars which are “close” to each other (in angle)
form patterns called constellations
• Unchanging in 10,000 year timescales but position
in sky varies with season
• Geological timescales  stars move
10 million AD
Today
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Constellations - Orion
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Orion (Greek) or Osiris (Egypt)
pyramids: in same pattern?
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Orion – Star Distances
Stars are at different distances
Rigel
773 Light Years(LY)
Betelguese 427 LY
Nebula
Saiph
1300 LY
720 LY
Ballatrix (rt shoulder) 243 LY
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Different seasons, different constellations
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Different seasons, different constellations
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Different hemispheres, different constellations
Sky seen at North
pole (up) and South
pole (right)
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Polaris - The North Star
• Polaris is almost directly overhead at the North
Pole.
• Polaris is about halfway up from the north
horizon in DeKalb.
• Polaris is at the north horizon at the Equator.
• Polaris is not visible south of the Equator.
• Polaris doesn’t “move” due to the Earth’s
rotation.
• No equivalent “South Star”
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Rising and Setting Stars
• Other stars “move” in circles about Polaris.
• It takes 1 day to complete the circle.
• The rising and setting time of a star changes
with the seasons.
• Stars are directly overhead (zenith) 2 hours
earlier each month.
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Star trails in the northern sky
• As the earth spins on its
axis, the sky seems to
rotate around us. This
motion produces the
concentric trails traced by
the stars in this time
exposure of the night sky.
The north celestial pole
(NCP) is at the center.
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Star trails in the northern sky
• short bright trail near
the NCP was made by
Polaris
• Show Polaris is not
exactly due north.
• If use for navigation
have correction factor.
See Celestial Air
Navigation, War
Department Technical
Manual TM 1-206,
1941 (carried in kit
bag by all USAAF
navigators)
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Star trails in the southern sky
• While the bright star
Polaris lies conveniently
close to the North
Celestial Pole, no bright
star similarly marks the
pole in the South.
• Still, the South Celestial
Pole is easily identified in
the picture as the point in
the sky at the center of all
the star trail arcs.
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Star trails at mid-latitudes
• Star trails from a
lower latitude
(trails set
beneath the
horizon)
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Compare rising and setting at high
and low latitudes
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January and April – near Sunset
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July and October – near Sunset
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Winter triangle
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Summer triangle
Vega
Altair
Deneb
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What to Remember - NS
• Polaris (the North Star) doesn’t “move” due to the Earth’s
rotation.
• The angle of Polaris to the north horizon gives the observer’s
latitude
Polaris Location Latitude
directly overhead
900 N (NP)
about halfway up
420 N (DK)
on horizon
00 (Equator)
below horizon
Southern hemisphere
• Other stars “move” in circles about Polaris. 1 day to complete
circle. Angle between star and Polaris gives declination (N-S
location). Viewing particular constellation at certain time/day
also gives observer’s latitude
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What to Remember - EW
• What time during the day a star rises, is overhead, and
sets changes with the seasons
• look up on Star Chart (right ascension is the East-West
location)
• Changes 2 hours/month
• Only on the Equator can all stars be viewed from a
single location  Hawaii or northern Chile a good place
for telescopes (all of northern or southern hemisphere
plus a little bit of the other)
• Stars (plus accurate clock) give EW location
(longitude). Used for navigation pre-1950 (in WW II)
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Zodiac Constellations (not on tests)
• a line between the Earth and the Sun traces
out a “circle” in the sky
• called the ecliptic
• the 12-13 constellations along the circle are
the “signs” of the Zodiac
• changes with the seasons
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Zodiac Constellations (not on tests)
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Zodiac
Constellations
“modern” may add
Ophiuchus between
Sagittarius and
Scorpius
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Solar System
• Sun plus 8 (or 9 with Pluto) planets many of
which have moons
• plus “debris”: comets, asteroids, meteors, etc
• We’ll go over historical understanding of motion
(which is “complicated” when viewed from the
Earth) and later look at Solar System formation,
planetary atmospheres, and planets discovered in
other star systems
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Solar System distances to Sun clearly not to scale)
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Sun vs Earth.
100 times larger radius  1,000,000 times
larger volume and 300,000 times larger mass
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Solar System - Orbits
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Mean Distance Sidereal
Mass
from Sun
Orbital Period
AU
Mercury 0.387
Venus
0.723
Earth
1.000
Mars
1.524
Jupiter 5.203
Saturn 9.537
Uranus 19.191
Neptune 30.069
Pe
0.241
0.615
1.000
1.881
11.857
29.424
83.749
163.727
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0.055
0.815
1.000
0.107
317.828
95.161
14.536
17.148
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