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MINISTRY OF HEALTH PROTECTION UKRAINE BUKOVINIAN STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY "APPROVED" vice-rector of educational work Professor M.YU.KOLOMOETS " " 2008 year REFERENCE BOOK FOR STUDENTS of the study of discipline HUMAN ANATOMY on 2008-2009 educational year A reference book for a students is made on the base of operating curriculum and program of the educational discipline " Human Anatomy " for the students of higher educational establishments of ІП-ІV levels of accreditation ( MPH of Ukraine, Kiev, 2005 ) It is approved on the methodical conference of department of human anatomy on 9 th of June, 2008 ( protocol № 127 ) Chief of department of human anatomy professor B.G.Маkar It is approved by a subject methodical commission of the medico-biological disciplines of morphological type on 12 d of June, 2008 ( protocol № 9) Chief of the subject-methodical commission, professor B.G.Маkar Сhernivtsi, 2008 EDUCATIONAL DISCIPLINE " HUMAN ANATOMY " Normative discipline 1. Entry amount of educational hours - 435 (14,5 credits of ЕСТ8), amount them: Lectures -50 hours Practical lessons - 230 hours Independent work - 155 hours The contents of discipline is structured on 5 modules and 17 profound modules. 2. Structure of discipline “Human anatomy" and account of points for current educational activity (convertation traditional marks into points; estimation in marks for the fulfillment individual tasks, if it is foreseen by working educational program. DISTRIBUTION OF GRADES, WHICH AWARDING FOR STUDENTS Number of the module, amount of the educational hours Amount of the profound modules, their numbers Amount of the practical lessons, hours Convertation into grades the traditional marks Traditional marks 5 4 3 2 Minimal amount of the grades Grades for the fulfillment of the individual task as type ISW Module 1 105/3,5 8 70,5 Practical lessons 4 70 3,5 3 2,5 0 1-13 Practical lessons 33,5 2 330 14-32 Module 2 5 44 6 5 4 0 6 76 90/3,0Module 3 75/2,5 Practical lessons 3 40 6,5 5 4,5 0 12 74 58-69 Practical lessons 6 5 4 0 70-74 Module 4 2 26 11 9 7 0 10 70 60/2, Module 5 3 50 5 4 3,5 0 10 77 105/3,5 * The minimum quantity of marks, which student must collect for current educational activity in study of present module, to be admitted to compose of the final module control. 3. Final aim of study of "Human Anatomy ", according to the Educationally-professional program (EPP): - To analyze information about structure of the human body, systems, that it contains, organs and tissues; - To define the topography-anatomical relations of organs and systems of the human body; - To interpret the conformities of the prenatal and early postnatal development of organs of the human being, variants of changeability of organs, defects of development; - To interpret sexual, age-old and individual features of structure of organism of the human body; - To foresee the correlation and unity of structures and functions of organs of the human body, their changeability under influence ecological factors; - To define influence of social terms and labour on development and structure of human organism ; - To demonstrate the domain of the moral-ethical principles of attitude to living human being and its body as object of anatomical and clinical research. Description of the modules of discipline " Human Anatomy " 4.1. MODULE 1 4.1.1. Thematic plan of lectures Amount Themes of lectures of hours № 1. Object and tasks of anatomy. Research methods in an anatomy. Basic modern directions of 2 development of anatomy. Bukovinian anatomical school. The basic stages of the human 2 2. 3. 4. embryogenesis. Studies about embryonic sheets. General osteology. Bone as an organ. Classification of bones. The basic stages stages of development of bones in embryogenesis. General arthrology. Anatomy of discontinuous ( synovial) and continuous connections between bones. Development of connections between bones in ontogenesis. General mycology. Muscle as an organ. Classification of muscles. Development of skeletal muscles.Muscles of the girdle and free upper and lower limps. 5. The muscles and fasciae of head and trunk. All 4.1. 2. Thematic plan of practical lessons. № 2 2 2 2 10 Theme Amount of hours Module 1. Locomotory apparatus. 2 General plan of structure of human organism. Anatomical terminology. Planes, axis of human body. Shape, structure, chemical composition of bones and their age peculiarities. General structure of 2 vertebrae. Spine, its bends. Change in shape spine in human being conditioned by straight walking. Cervical, 2. 2 thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. Sacral bone. Coccygeal bone. Change in form and structure, the sections of spine which depends on 3. 2 function and age. Ribs and sternum. The thorax in whole. 4. Skeleton of upper limb – general plan of structure. Bones of shoulder girdle. Humerus. 2 5. Bones of forearm and hand. 2 6. Skeleton of lower limb – general plan of structure. Hip bone. Pelvis in whole. Femur bone. Patella 2 7. Bones of leg and foot. X-rays image of skeleton. 2 8. General data about structure of bones. Occipital and parietal bones. 2 9. Frontal and ethmoidal bones. 2 10. Sphenoidal bone. 2 11. Temporal bone. Maxilla. 2 12. Palatine bone. Mandible and small bones of viscerocranium. 2 Skull as a whole. Nasal cavity. Orbit. Temporal, infratemporal and pterygopalatine fossa. X-ray image 13. 2 of cranium. Arthrology. Kinds of connections present in joints. Connections of vertebrae. Atlantooccipital joint. 14. 2 Connections of ribs 15. Temporomandibular joint. Connections of bones of the shoulder girdle. Shoulder joint. 2 16. Elbow joint. Connections of bones of the forearm. Radiocarpal joint. Joints of hand. 2 17. Connections of hip bone. Hip joint. 2 18. Knee joint 2 19. Connections of bones of the leg. Tibiofibular articulations. The Ankle Joint. Archs of the Foot. 2 20. Myology. Anatomical structure of muscles. Muscles and fasciae of back. 2 21. Muscles and fasciae of chest. Diaphragm. 2 22. Abdominal muscles and fasciae 2 23. Sheath of the rectus abdominal muscle, inguinal canal. 2 24. Superficial muscles of neck. Triangles of neck. Deep muscles of neck. Fasciae of neck. 2 25. Muscles of mastication and facial muscles. Fasciae of head. 2 26. Muscles and fasciae of the shoulder girdle and shoulder. Axillary cavity 2 27. Muscles of forearm. Fasciae of forearm. 2 28. Muscles of hand. Fasciae and synovial sheathes of tendons of muscles of the upper limb. 2 29. External and internal muscles of pelvis. Supra- and infrapiriforme openings. Fasciae of pelvis. 2 30. Muscles and fasciae of femur. Femoral and adductor canals. 2 31. Muscles of leg. Popliteal fossa. Cruro-popliteal canal. 2 32. Muscles of foot, fasciae and synovial sheathes of lower limb. 2 33. Final control for the first module "Locomotory apparatus". 2 34. Test tasks and practical skills in anatomy of the bones and their connections. 2 35. Test tasks and practical skills in mycology. 2 All 70 4.1.3. Types of individual work of students № Theme Amount of hours 1. To describe the basic stages of development of anatomy: 2 1. 1. 3 2. 2. 3. 3. 4. 4. history of development of anatomy in ancient times history of development of anatomy in Renaissance age history of development of Ukrainian anatomical schools until XX century history of development of Ukrainian anatomical schools in the XX - XXI centuries. Master of ability: to apply planes and axis in relation to description of anatomical objects. Master of basic of anthropometric description of skull: to describe the sexual and individual features of structure of skull; to describe the age-old features of structure of skull Master of ability to draw: charts of connections between bones. 5. 5. Master of ability: to demonstrate on preparations structure of bones. 6. 6. Master of ability: to demonstrate on preparations connections between bones. 7. 7. Master of ability: to demonstrate on preparations: muscles of trunk; muscles of head; muscles of neck; muscles of limbs. 8. 8. Preparation of review of scientific literature or spending of scientific research -Development of skull in ontogenesis -Development of connections of bones in phylo-and ontogenesis - Variants and anomalies of development of upper and lower limps 9. 9. Preparation to the final control of learning of the module 1 10. All 4.2. MODULE 2 4. 2.1. Thematic plan of lectures 1. Introduction into a splanchnology. Classification of internal organs. General conformities of structure of tubular organs. General conformities of structure of parenchymatous organs. General anatomy of the digestive system. Embryogenesis of organs of the digestive system. Anatomy and variants of development of organs of the digestive system. 2. Peritoneum. Large digestive glands. 3. General anatomy of the respiratory system. Embryogenesis of organs of the respiratory system. 4. General anatomy of organs of the urinary system. Embryogenesis of organs of the urinary system. Anomalies and variants of development of organs of the urinary system. 5. General anatomy of the male genital system. Embryogenesis of organs of the male genital system. Anomalies and variants of development of organs. 6. General anatomy of the female genital system. Embryogenesis of organs of the female genital system. Anomalies and variants of development of organs. 7. General anatomy of the central and peripheral organs of the immune system. 8. General anatomy of the endocrine system. All 4. 2.2.Thematic plan of the practical lessons. 36. Anatomy of mouth cavity, sections. Teeth, tongue. 37. Palate: hard and soft. Salivary glands. Isthmus. Pharynx. 38. Esophagus. Anatomy of stomach. Regions of the anterior abdominal wall. 39. Anatomy of small intestine. Pancreas. 40. Anatomy of large intestine. 41. Anatomy of liver. Gall bladder. 42. Peritoneum and topography of organs of the digestive system in abdominal cavity (I). 43. Peritoneum and topography of organs of the digestive system in abdominal cavity (II). 44. Anatomy of external nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses. 45. Anatomy of larynx, muscles of larynx. 46. Anatomy of tracheae, principal bronchi, lungs. 47. Pleura. Mediastinum. 48. Anatomy of organs of urinary system: kidney. 49. Ureter, urinary bladder, urethra. Gender peculiarities. 50. Anatomy of male genital organs. 1 3 1 2 2 8 2 3 25 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 16 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 51. 52. 53. 54. 55 Anatomy of female genital organs. Muscles and fasciae of perineum. Anatomy of the immune system. Structure of central and peripheral organs. Anatomy of organs of the endocrine system. Final control of the learning of the second module " Splanchnology" 56 57 Test tasks and practical skills in anatomy of digestive system. Test tasks and practical skills in anatomy of respiratory, urinary, genital, immune and endocrine systems. All 4.2.3. Types of the individual work of students № 1. Theme Master of abilities to demonstrate on preparations structure: organs of the digestive system; organs of the respiratory system; -organs of the urinary system; organs of the male and female genital systems; organs of the endocrine system; organs of the immune system; 2. Master of ability: to draw motion of peritoneum in the abdominal region and cavity of pelvis. 1 3. Master of basic of anthropometric description: external structure of organs of the digestive, respiratory, urinary and genital systems. 4. Master on ability: to read the roentgenogram of organs of the digestive, respiratory, urinary and genital systems. 5. Preparation of review of scientific literature or spending of scientific research 6. Preparation to the final test control of mastering to the module 2 All All”Splanchnology” 4.3. MODULE 3. 4.3.1. Thematic plan of lectures Module 3. Central nervous system and sense-organs 1. Entry into CNS. Grey and white matters of CNS. Development of CNS in ontogenesis and phylogenies. Development of cerebrum in embryogenesis. Anatomy of derivative of hindbrain and midbrain.. 2. Anatomy of derivative of forebrain. 3. Common data about sense-organs. Anatomy of organ of sight. 4. Anatomy of organ of ear and equilibrium. 5. General principles of structure of reflex arch. Pathways. All 4.3.2. Thematic plan of the practical lessons. 58. Spinal cord, its meninges, the external and internal structure. Formation of the spinal nerves and their branches. 59. Parts of the brain. Topography of the cranial nerves on the base of the brain. 60 Hemisphere of cerebrum. The grooves and gyri of the hemisphere’s cortex. Olfactory brain. Location of the functions in the hemisphere’s cortex. 61. The internal structure of hemisphere. Lateral ventricles. Corpus callosum, fornix and the anterior comissure. Basal nuclei and the internal capsule. 62. The internal structure of hemisphere. Lateral ventricles. Corpus callosum, fornix and the anterior comissure. Basal nuclei and the internal capsule. 63. Diencephalon and third ventricle. 64. Midbrain. 65. Hindbrain. 66. Brainstem. The fourth ventricle. 67. Rhomboid fossa. Topography of nuclei of the cranial nerves. 68. Meninges of brain. 69. The pathways of brain and spinal cord. 70. Organ of sight. Structure of eyeball. 71. The additional organs of sight. Optic nerve. 72 Vestibulocochlear organ. External and the middle ear. 73. Internal ear. Vestibulocochlear nerve. 2 2 2 2 2 44 Amount of hours 12 1 4 4 5 3 30 74 2 2 2 2 2 10 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 5 74. 75. 76. 77. Skin. Organ of smell and taste. Final control for the third module "Central nervous system and the organs of senses". Test tasks and practical skills in CNS. Test tasks and practical skills in anatomy of sense organs. All 4. 3. 3. Types of the individual work № Theme 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10 11. 12. 13. 14. Master of ability: to draw the chart of simple and difficult reflex arches Master of ability: to draw the chart of internal structure of spinal cord; structure of the grey matter of spinal cord; structures of white matter of spinal cord. Master of ability: to draw the chart of structure of spinal nerves. Master of ability: to draw the chart of structure of derivative of the midbrain and hindbrain; chart of structure of grey and white matter of the midbrain; chart of structure of grey and white matter of the brain; chart of structure of grey and white matter of cerebellum; chart of the structure of the grey and white matter of the brainstem. Master of ability: to draw a chart of topography of nuclei CN under the floor of the rhomboid fossa. Master of ability: to draw a chart of the topography of the pathways of the internal capsule. Master of ability: to draw a chart of the ascending pathways of the cortical direction; the ascending pathways of the cerebellar direction. Master of ability: to draw a chart of the descending pathways of the pyramid system; the descending pathways of the extra pyramid system. Master of ability: to draw a chart intermembranous spaces of the brain and spinal cord. Master of ability: to draw a chart of the pathways of the visual analyzer; the descending pathways of the ear and equilibrium. Master of ability: to demonstrate on the preparations the structure of the sense organs. Master of ability: to demonstrate on the preparations the external and internal structure of spinal cord and brain. Preparation of review of the scientific literature or spending of Scientific research Preparation to the final test control of the learning module #3 All All ” Central nervous system and sense organs “ 2 2 2 2 40 Amount of hours 1 Amount of grades 1 1 3 1 1 2 2 6 3 25 65 12 12 200 4.4.1. Thematic plan of lectures. 1. Classification of the cranial nerves. General anatomy of the vegetative nodes of the head. 2 2. Blood supply of head and neck.. 2 4.4. 2. Thematic plan of the practical lessons. 78. Oculomotor, trochlear and abducens nerves ( III, IV, VI ). The first branch of the trigeminal nerve (V pair of CN). 2 79. The second and the third branches of the trigeminal nerve ( V pair of CN). 2 80 Intermediate -facial nerve ( VII of CN). 2 81 Vagus nerve ( X pair of CN). 2 82. Glossopharyngeal nerve ( IX pair of CN). 2 83. Accessorу and hypoglossal nerves ( XI, XII pairs of CN). Cervical plexus. 2 6 84. Aorta. The branches of the aortic arch. Common and the external carotid arteries. 2 85. Internal carotid artery. The branches of the internal carotid artery, areas of the blood supply. 2 86. Subclavian artery: its parts, their topography, its branches, areas of blood supply. 2 87. Veins of head and neck. System of the internal, external and the anterior jugular veins. Anatomy of lymphatic nodes and vessels of head and neck. 2 88. Final control for the fourth module " The vessels and nerves of head and neck". 2 89. Test tasks and practical skills in anatomy of the cranial nerves. 2 90. Test task and practical skills in anatomy of vessels of head and neck. All 2 26 4.4.3. Types of the independent work Theme Amount of hours 1. Master of ability: to draw a chart of the simple common structure of the cranial nerves, of the derivates of the brain 1 2. 3. Master of ability: to draw a chart of the structure of mixed cranial nerves Master of ability: to draw a chart of the structure of the III, IV, V, VI,VII, IX, XI ,XII of cranial nerves. Master of ability: to draw a common chart of the structure of the vegetative node of the head. Master of ability: to draw a chart to demonstrate on preparations the cranial nerves. Master of ability: to demonstrate on preparations the vessels of the head and neck Preparation of review of the scientific literature or spending of scientific research Preparation to the final test control of the learning module3. 1 5 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Amount of grades Current control on practical lessons 1 4 4 10 4 Final module control All 30 4. 4.5. Thematic plan of lectures. 1. General anatomy of heart. Development of heart in embryogenesis. Anomalies and defects of development of heart. Large and small circle of the blood circulation. 2. General anatomy of arterial and venous parts of the circulatory system. Microcirculatory system. Intrasystem and intersystem anastomoses. 3. General anatomy of the lymphatic system. Lymphatic vessels, trunk, channels. Lymphatic knots. 4. Anatomy of vegetative part of the nervous system. Central and peripheral structures of the sympathetic and parasympathetic parts. Vegetative plexuses. 5. Peripheral formations of the nervous system. Spinal nerves. Somatic nervous plexus. 4.5.2. Thematic plan of the practical lessons. General plan of structure of the cardio-vascular system. Circles of the blood circulation. Heart, topography, the external structure. 92. Heart: the internal structure of the heart's wall, the chambers of the heart. 93. Conduction system. Blood supply and innervations of the heart. Pericardium, topography. 94. Aorta, its parts. The thoracic aorta: the parietal and visceral branches. The areas of blood supply. Somatic and vegetative innervations of walls and organs of the trunk. The thoracic spinal nerves. 95. Abdominal aorta, its topography, the parietal and visceral branches. Blood supply of organs of the abdominal cavity. 96. Abdominal aorta, its topography, the parietal and visceral branches. Blood supply of organs of the abdominal cavity. 97 The common and the internal iliac arteries. Blood supply of the walls and the organs of the small pelvis. 98. The veins of the thoracic, abdominal cavities and the cavity of the small pelvis. System of the superior and inferior cava veins. 99. Venous anastomoses. Circulation of fetus. 100. Lymphoid vessels and nodes of the thoracic and abdominal cavities. 101. Vegetative nervous system: sympathetic part. The sympathetic trunk, the branches of the sympathetic trunk, topography, the areas of the innervations. Vegetative part of nervous system: the parasympathetic part. Vegetative nodes of head. The visceral plexuses. Craniocervical, thoracic, abdominal, pelvic parts. 102. System of the axillary and brachial arteries and veins. The areas of the blood supply. 91. 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 7 103. System of the radial and ulnar arteries and veins. The arterial arches of the hand. The subcutaneal 2 veins of the upper limb. 104. Brachial plexus, the formation of the parts, the short branches, areas of the innervations. The long 2 branches of the posterior fasciculus. 105. Brachial plexus: the long branches of the middle and lateral fascicules, the areas of the innervation. 2 106. The vascularization and innervations of the upper limb. 2 107. The external iliac and femoral arteries and veins, branches, the areas of blood supply. 2 108. System of the popliteal anterior and posterior of the tibial arteries and veins. The areas of the blood 2 supply. Arterial arches of the foot.. 109. Lumbar plexus: the formation, topography, the short branches, the areas of innervations.. 2. 110. Sacral plexus: the formation topography the areas of innervations. 111. The long branches of the sacral plexus, topography, the areas of innervations. 2 112. The innervations of skin. 2 113. Final control of the learning of module 5. 2 114. Test tasks and practical skills in anatomy of vessels and nerves of upper and lower limbs. 2 115. Test tasks and practical lessons in anatomy of heart, vessels and nerves of the trunk. 2 All 50 4. 5. 3. Types of the independent work Theme Amount Amount of grades of hours 1. Master of ability to draw scheme of large circle of blood circulation 1 2. Master of ability to draw scheme of small circle of blood circulation 1 3. Master of ability to draw scheme of blood circulation in heart of fetus. 2 4. Master of ability to draw scheme of blood circulation of fetus 2 5. Master of ability to demonstrate on preparations a structure of heart 4 Master of ability to demonstrate on preparations vessels of the thoracic, abdominal 6. 8 cavities and pelvic cavity. 7. Master of ability to draw scheme of structure of reflex arch of VNS. 2 Master of ability to draw scheme of structure of white and grey communicating 8. 2 branches. Master of ability to draw a common scheme of relations between central and peripheral Current control on 9. parts of sympathetic part of VNS. 2 the practical lessons Master of ability to draw scheme of structure of vegetative plexuses of abdominal 10. 2 cavity and cavity of small pelvis. Master of ability to draw to define a composition of fibers of vegetative plexuses of 11. 2 abdominal cavity and cavity of small pelvis. 12. Master of ability to demonstrate on preparations vessels of the upper and lower limbs. 2 Master of ability to demonstrate on preparations:thoracic nerves; branches of cervical plexus: 13. branches of brachial plexus; 4 branches of lumbar plexus; branches of sacral and coccygeal plexus. 14. Preparation of review of the scientific literature or spending of scientific research 9 Preparation to the final test control of the learning module5 “ Vessels and nerves of the Final module 15. 4 trunk and extremities” control All 45 4.6. The estimation of educational activity of student.The estimation of current educational activity At estimation of mastering of every theme of the module to the student exhibits the marks by four grades (traditional) scale, with the using of accepted at BSMU and approved by methodical commission the criteria of estimation. All types of the work are consideration, which foreseen by methodical instruction for the study of theme. The proposed marks by traditional scale are converted in grades depending on the amount of themes in the module. The module must have weight of every theme identical, but can be different in different modules. Division of grades in the modules: Traditional Module 1 Module 4 “Vessels Module 5 “Vessels Module 2 Module 3 “ CNS marks/ amount of „Locomotory and nerves of head and nerves of trunk ”Splanchnology” and sense organs “ grades apparatus” and neck” and limps” “5” 3,5 6 6-6,5 11 5 “4 ” 3 5 5 9 4 “3 “ 2-2,5 4 4-4,5 7 3,5 “2 “ 0 0 0 0 0 8 The estimation of independent work of students ( ISW) ISW, which is foreseen in the theme of module out off to audience work, are estimated during the current control of theme on the proper lesson. Mastering of themes which carrying out only on independent work, are controlled on the final module control. The estimation of individual tasks of student The grades for the individual tasks are counted to the student only at successful their fulfillment, depending on their volume and meaningfulness, but no more than 10-12, they is added to the sum of the grades collected by a student for current educational activity. Final module control The final module control is carried out on completion of studying of all themes of the module on the last control lesson from the module. To the result module control are admitted the students which visit all audiences lessons foreseen by educational program from discipline audiences educational lessons, and at the study of the module collected the amount of marks not less than minimum. To the student which on serious reason had missed the educational lessons, the correctives is brought into the individual curriculum and it is allowed to rework the academic debt to the sure fixed term. For students which admitted the lessons without serious reasons, decision about their reworking is made individually by the dean of faculty. The forms of carrying out of final control must be standardized and to include the control of theoretical and practical preparation. Maximal amount of grades, which a student can collect in complement of final module control is 80. The final module control is considered counted, if a student collected not less than 50 grades. The estimation of discipline The mark from discipline put only to the students to which all modules are counted from discipline. The determination of amount of grades, which a student collected from discipline. The amount of grades, which student collected from discipline, concerns as middle arithmetic of amount of grades from all modules of discipline (the sum of grades for all modules divides by the amount of the modules of discipline). Objectivity of estimation of educational activity of students must be checked up by statistical methods (coefficient of correlation between current progress and results of final module control). In decision of Scientific council of HES to the amount of grades, which a student collected from discipline, can be added the encouraging grades for the publications of the scientific works, getting of prizes places on Olympiads on the type of discipline and other Convertation of amount of grades from discipline in marks by scale ЕСТS and by four grades (traditional) scale By scale ECTS By national scale By scale of BSMU ( in grades) A ( excellent) Excellent 180-200 B ( very good) Good 165-179 C ( good) 150-164 D ( satisfactory) Satisfactory 135-149 E ( weak) 120-134 FX unsatisfactory with possibility to 70-119 repeat F unsatisfactory with necessary 1-69 repeating course The mark FX is proposed to the students which were admitted to the final control, but did not make him. The mark F is proposed to the students which are shut out to the module final control (did not visit the audiences lessons foreseen by the educational program for this module fully, or (and) at current educational activity got the amount of marks, less than minimum). The mark from discipline FX („2") is proposed to the students which are not counted although one module from discipline after completion of its study. 4.7. List of the questions for the preparation of students to the final module control Module 1. ANATOMY OF LOCOMOTORY APPARATUS 1. Object and maintenance of anatomy, modern directions of development of human anatomy. Research methods in anatomy. 2. Compressed information from history of anatomy (Hippocrates, Halen, Leonardo da Vinchi, Garvei, Vezaliy). Anatomical school of the Emperor's university of Sainted Vladymyr: M.I. Kozlov, O.P.Valter, V.O.Bets, M. A., Tikhomirov, F. A. Stefanis: their results in development of anatomy. Development of anatomy in Ukraine. Bukovinian anatomical school. 3. Basic axes and planes of the human body. Definition of skeleton, the main functions of the skeleton. Basic stages of development of skeleton in phylo-and ontogenesis. Bone, as organ. Classification of bones. Basic stages of development of bones. 4. General plan of structure of vertebra. Vertebral column as a whole. Parts of the vertebral column. 5. The peculiarities of structure of cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebra. 6. Structure of sacral and coccygeal bones. 7. Classification of ribs. The structure of I-XII ribs. 8. Structure of sternum. The thorax as a whole. 9. Parts of the cranium, the bones which forms them. Norms (position ) of the skull, which used when studies in anthropology and medicine. Age, sexual and individual peculiarities of structure of the cranial bones. 10. Cranial and facial skull: bones, which forms it. The peculiarities of development of the bones. 11. Occipital bone: parts, their structure. 12. Frontal bone. 13. Parietal bone: surfaces, borders, angles. 14. Ethmoidal bone: parts, their structure. 15. Sphenoidal bone: parts, their structure. 16. Temporal bone: parts, their structure. 17. Canals of the temporal bone. 18. Maxilla: parts, processes, their structure. Age-old peculiarities of maxilla. 19. Mandible: parts, their structure. Age-old peculiarities of mandible. 9 20. Inferior nasal concha, vomer, hyoid bone: their structure. 21. Lacrimal, nasal, zygomatic, palatine bones: their structure. 22. Temporal bone: boundaries, walls. 23. Infratemporal fossa: boundaries, walls, connections. 24. Pterygopalatine fossa: walls, connections. 25. Orbit: walls, connections. 26. Nasal cavity: boundaries of entrance and exit of nasal cavity, its walls. 27. Nasal meatus and paranasal sinuses: their structure, connections. 28. Bony palate: its structure. 29. Anatomical formations of the external base of skull. 30. Anatomical formations of the internal and external surface of roof of the skull: to describe and to demonstrate on the preparations. 31. Internal base of the skull: boundaries, structure, connections of the anterior cranial fossa. 32. Internal base of the skull: boundaries, structure, connections of the middle cranial fossa. 33. Internal base of the skull, boundaries, structure, connections of the posterior cranial fossa. 34. Parts and structure of the tubular bones: to name and to demonstrate on the preparations. 35. Upper limb: their parts and bones, which forms them. Development of skeleton of the upper limb.Variants and anomalies of development.. 36. Bones of the shoulder girdle: scapula and clavicle. 37. Humerus: parts. 38. Ulna. 39. adius. 40. Hand: parts, structure of the carpal bones, metacarpal bones and phalanges of fingers. 41. Lower limb: their parts and bones, which forms them. Development of skeleton of lower limb. Variants and anomalies of development. 42. Hip bone: to describe and to demonstrate on the preparation its structure. Which bones are connected together and forms it? 43. Hip bone. 44. Ischium bone. 45. Pubic bone. 46. Pelvis as a whole: its parts. Sexual and age peculiarities of pelvis. To call and to demonstrate the main sizes of pelvis. 47. Femur: parts. 48. Tibia. 49. Fibula. 50. Foot: parts, bones which forms them. Carpal, metacarpal bones, phalanges of fingers of foot. 51. Classification of connections of bones: continuous and discontinuous connections . 52. Development of connections of bones in phylogenies and ontogenesis. 53. Syndesmoses: definition, types, examples. 54. Synchondroses: definition, classification, examples. 55. Synostoses :definition, formartion, examples. 56. Joint: determination, the main and additional components of joint. 57. Classification of joints: simple and compound joints, complex, combine, determination, examples. 58. Classification of joints for the quantity of movements. Name the main axes and movements, which accomplished. around these axes. 59. One-axial joints definition, types of one-axial joints by the shape of the articular surfaces, functions, examples. 60. Bi-axial joints: definition, types of bi-axial joints by the shape of the articular surfaces, functions, examples. 61. Multi-axial joints: definition, types of multi-axial joints by the shape of the articular surfaces, functions, examples. 62. Types of connections of vertebral column. 63. Connections between bodies of vertebra, classification, structure of intervertebral disc, its functional meaning, ligaments, which fixing connections between bodies of vertebra. 64. Connections between processes and vertebral arch’s: classification, structure, ligaments. 65. Connections between sacral and coccygeal bones: classification, structure, ligaments of sacro-coccygeal junction.. Age-old and sexual peculiarities of sacrococcygeal junction. 66. Connections between the first and second cervical vertebra ( atlantooccipital joint): structure, classification, movements. 67. Connections between ribs and sternum: classification, their structure. Connections between ribs and vertebra: types, their structure, classification. 68. Spine as a whole: structure, bends, age-old features. 69. Thorax as a whole: structure, age-old, sexual and individual features. 70. Classification of connections of cranial bones: discontinuous and continuous junctions. Discontinuous junctions of cranial bones: kinds. 71 Crowns of skull: their structure, functional meaning, terms of ossification. Age-old peculiarities of connections of the cranial bones. 72. Temporo-mandibular joint: structure, classification, motions; muscles, that carry out them. 73. Connections of skull with spine: structure, classification, motions. 74. Connection of bones of shoulder girdle: sterno-clavicular and acromio-clavicular joints. 75. Shoulder joint: articular surfaces, additional components, boundaries of fixing of capsule, connective apparatus, classification, motions. 76. Elbow joint: name joints, which forms it, their structure. 77. Connections of antebrachial bones: proximal radio-ulnar joint, interosseous membrane, distal radio-ulnar joint, their structure, classification. 78. Radio-carpal joint: articular surfaces of bones, which forms it, intervertebral disc, boundaries of fixing of apsule, connective apparatus, classification, motions. 79. Joints of hand: mediocarpal joint and carpo-metacarpal joints, their articular surfaces, intraarticular ligaments. 80. Joints of hand: intercarpal, carpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints, their articular surfaces, connective apparatus, classification, motions. 81. Connections of hip bones, classification. 82. Sacro-iliac joint: articular surfaces of bones which forms it, boundaries of fixing of capsule, connective apparatus, classification, motions. 83. Pubic symphysis: structure, connective apparatus, classification. 84. Connective apparatus of pelvis. Name openings, which forms by ligaments of pelvis. 85. Hip joint, articular surfaces of bones which forms it, additional components, boundaries of fixing of capsule, connective apparatus, classification, motions. 86. Knee-joint: articular surfaces of bones which forms it, additional components, ( menisci, intracapsular ligaments, folds, synovial bursa), connective apparatus, classification, motions. 87. Connection of bones of leg: kinds, their structure, classification. 88. Talo-crural joint: articular surfaces of bones which forms it, boundaries of fixing of capsule, connective apparatus, classification, motions. 89. Joints of foot: connections between tarsal bones, kinds, their articular surfaces and ligaments, which fixing them. 90. Transversal joint of foot: joints, which forms it, connective apparatus. 91. Joints of foot: tarso-metatarsal and intertarsal joints, their articular surfaces, connective apparatus, classification. 92. Joints of foot: metatarso-phalangeal and interphalangeal joints, their articular surfaces, connective apparatus, classification, motions. 93. Vaults of foot: definition, formation, functions, “Active” and “ passive” delays of foot. “ Hard basis of foot”. 94. Muscle as organ: definition. Biomechanics of muscles, their action on joints, about origin and insertion of muscles, about mobile and un mobile full stops. 95. Additional apparatus of muscles. Muscles-antagonists and muscles-synergists, definition, examples. 96. Development of skeletal muscles general regularities; peculiarities of development of muscles of trunk, limbs, head and neck. Embryological classification of muscles. 97. Classification of muscles by shape, position, direction of fibers, relation to joints and fasciae. 98. Muscles of back: topographical and embryological classification, structure ( origin and insertion ), functions. 99. Muscles of thorax: topographical and embryological classification, structure ( origin, insertion), functions. 100. Diaphragm: definition of diaphragm, as musculo-fascial plate, its topography, parts and their structure, openings and their contests, trigones, functions. 101. Abdominal muscles: topographical classification, structure ( origin, insertion), functions. 102. Fasciae of trunk ( superficial, proper, intrathoracic, visceral): their topography, functional meaning. 103. The sheath of the rectus abdominis muscle: wall and their structure. White line of stomach: topography, structure. 104. Inguinal canal: walls, annulus ( rings), their structure, maintenance. 105. Muscles of neck: topographical and embryological classification, structure ( origin, insertion), functions. 10 106.Topography of neck: regions, trigones, intermuscular spaces, their boundaries. 107.Fasciae of neck: topographical classification by V M.Shevkynenko, to describe motion of fasciae, origin and relation to muscles, internal organs, vasculo-nervous cords of the neck. To define the interfascial spaces, their contests and connections. 108. Muscles of head: classification. Muscles of mystification: structure (origin, insertion), functions. 109. Muscles of head: classification. Muscles of face (mimetic muscles): topography, structure (origin, insertion), functions. Differences of muscles of face from other skeletal muscles. 110. Muscles of the shoulder girdle: structure (origin, insertion), functions. 111. Muscles of shoulder: topographical classification, structure (origin, insertion), functions. 112. Antebrachial muscles: topographical classification. Anterior and lateral groups: structure (origin, insertion), functions. 113. Antebrachial muscles: topographical classification. Posterior group: structure (origin, insertion), functions. 114. Muscles of hand: topographical classification, structure (origin, insertion), functions. 115. Fasciae of upper limb and their derivates ( intermuscular septa, covers, and their contests, fibrous and bony- fibrous canals and their contest). 116. Retinaculum of the flexors-muscles of forearm: formation, topography, canals , their contest. 117. Retinaculum of the extensors-muscles of forearm: formation, topography, bonyfibrous canals in carpal region, their contest. 118. Synovial sheaths of hand: their structure, topography, functional and practical meaning. 119. Axillary fossa: boundaries, walls. 120. Axillary cavity: walls, trigones, openings, their boundaries and contests. 121. Topography of shoulder: grooves, canal of radial nerve, cubital fossa, their boundaries, contests. 122. Topography of forearm: grooves, their boundaries and contests. 123. Hip muscles: topographical classification, structure ( origin, insertion ), functions. 124. Femoral muscles: topographical classification, structure (origin, insertion ), functions. 125. Leg muscles topographical classification, structure (origin, insertion ), functions. 126. Foot muscles: topographical classification, structure ( origin, insertion ), functions. 127. Fasciae of lower limb: iliac fascia and its derivatives (ilio-pectineal arch, vascular lacuna, muscular lacuna, their formation, contest ). 128. Fasciae of lower limb: broad fascia and its derivatives (saphenous hiatus, its falciform margin, formation, contest). 129. Fasciae of lower limb: fasciae of leg and its derivatives (retinaculum of extensors- muscles, flexors-muscles, fibular muscles). Topography and contest of fibrous and bony-fibrous canals of lower limb. 130. Topography of pelvis: supra- and infrapiriform opening, obturator canal, their boundaries, formation, contest. 131. Topography of femur: muscular and vascular lacuna, femoral ring, their formation, boundaries, contest. 132. Topography of femur: ilio-pectineal groove, anterior femoral groove, femoral trigone, their formation, boundaries, contest. Muscles of thigh: classification, structure, functions. 133. Adductor canal: walls, openings, contest. 134. Popliteal fossa: their boundaries, fundus, connection with canals of femur and leg. 135. Topography of leg: cruro-popliteal canal, upper and lower musculo-fibular canals, their formation, connections, contest. 136. Femoral canal: femoral ring (entrance), saphenous hiatus (exit), their boundaries; walls of femoral canal. 137. Fasciae of foot, topography of foot: grooves of plantar surface, their boundaries and contest Muscles of foot: classification, structure, functions. Fasciae and topography of foot. MODULE 2. SPLANCHNOLOGY 1. Systems of the internal organs: definition, name organs, which forms these systems, give general character of functions of these systems. 2. Classification of internal organs. General plan of structure of tubular organs. 3. General regularities of structure of mucous, muscular and external membranes of walls of tubular organs. 4. General anatomo-functional regularities of structure of exocrine glands. 5. Development of mouth cavity and its derivatives. Anomalies of development of mouth cavity. 6. Mouth cavity, its parts. Vestibule and proper mouth cavity: walls, their structure. 7. Palate: parts. Soft palate: parts, structure. Palatine tonsils, their topography. 8. Muscles of soft palate. 9. Tongue: parts, structure, peculiarities of mucous membrane of tongue, functions of tongue. 10. Classification of tongue muscles, their morpho-functional character, functions of tongue. 11. Tooth: parts of teeth, tissues of teeth Periodontatis, periodontosis, teeth organ: definition. Bites. 12. Permanent tooth: formula, character of types of tooth. 13. Milk tooth: their formula. Terms of cutting of milk tooth. 14. Mouth glands: classification. Small salivary glands, their topography, morpho-functional character. Parotid gland: topography, structure. 15. Mouth glands: classification. Sublingual and submandibular salivary glands: topography, structure. 16 Isthmus: boundaries, connections, to describe and to demonstrate on the preparation. 17. Primary intestine: development, parts. Derivatives of the main (pharyngeal) tube. 18. Pharynx: topography, parts, their connections. Structure of mucous, muscular and external tunics. 19. Primary intestine: trunks intestine, its parts and derivatives. Anomalies of development of organs of the digestive canal. 20. Development of the digestive canal in embryogenesis; sources of formation of mucous, muscular and external tunics. 21. Esophagus: parts, their topography. Structure of wall. Anatomical and physiological contractions of esophagus. X-ray anatomy of esophagus. 22. Regions of the anterior abdominal wall and projection of the internal organs on corresponding areas. 23. Stomach; topography, parts. Structure of wall. X-ray anatomy of stomach. 24. Stomach: structure of wall., to describe the structure of mucous and serous tunics. 25. Small intestine: parts, their topography, relation to peritoneum. 26. Duodenum: parts, their topography, structure of wall. 27. Small intestine structure of wall, relation to peritoneum. X-ray anatomy of small intestine. 28. Small intestine: mesocolon. 29. Large intestine: parts, their topography. 30. Large intestine: structure of wall ( peculiarities of structure of mucous, muscular and serous tunics ), relation to peritoneum. Xray anatomy of large intestine. 31. Caecum: topography, peculiarities, structure. 32. Pats and bends of colon. Their topography, relation to peritoneum. 33. Peculiarities of structure of wall of large intestine.. Relief of its mucous membrane. External features of large intestine. 34. Rectum: parts, bends, peculiarities of structure of wall, relation to peritoneum. 35. Liver: external structure, relief of diaphragmatic and visceral surfaces. 36. Liver: topography, ligaments of liver, relation to peritoneum. 37. Liver: internal structure ( particles, parts, segments, lobules). 38. Liver: formation and ways of outflow of bile. Gall bladder: topography, parts, structure of wall, functions. 39. Pancreas: parts, their topography, relation to peritoneum. 40. Exocrine and endocrine parts of pancreas, ways of removing of products of their activity. 41. Peritoneum: definition, general character. Derivatives of peritoneum. 42. Peritoneal cavity: parts ( floors), their boundaries and contest. 43. Upper floor of peritoneal cavity: hepatic bursa, its boundaries and connections. 44. Upper floor of peritoneal cavity: pregastric bursa, its boundaries and connections. 45. Upper floor of peritoneal cavity: omental bursa, its boundaries and connections. 46. Middle floor of peritoneal cavity: canals, sinuses, recesses, folds, fossae. 47. Inferior floor of peritoneal cavity: excavations, motion of peritoneum in small pelvis in male and female. 48. Classification of organs of the respiratory system. 49. Development of organs of respiratory system in embryo-and phylogenies. 50. Peculiarities of structure of wall of tubular organs of respiratory system. 51. Development of external nose, nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses in embryogenesis. Anomalies of development. 52. Nose: external parts, structure. Nasal cavity: parts, their structure and connections. 53. Nasal cavity: nasal motions, their structure and connections, paranasal sinuses: topography, connections, functions, age-old peculiarities.X-ray anatomy of paranasal sinuses. 54. Nasal cavity: functional parts, their structure and functions. 55. Larynx: topography, parts. 56. Larynx: cartilages, joints, ligaments, muscles, their structure. 11 57. Larynx: fibro-elastic formations of larynx, their structure, functions. vestibular ligament, vocal ligament. 58. Laryngeal cavity; parts,, their structure, boundaries. Vocal fissure: boundaries, formation, parts. 59. Functions of larynx, theories of voice formation. 60. Trachea: parts, their topography, structure of wall. 61. Main bronchi; topography, structure of wall. 62. Lungs: topography, external structure. Root of lung: topography, composition. 63. Lungs; particles, broncho-pulmonary segments, particles, their structure. X-ray anatomy of lungs. 64. Bronchial tree: branching, structure of wall, functions. 65. Alveolar tree; branching, structure of wall. Acinus: definition, structure, functions. 66. Pleura: general character, functions, pleural cavity, their recesses. 67. Boundaries of pleural sacs. 68. Mediastinum: definition, classification by international anatomical nomenclature. Organs, vessels and nerves of mediastinum. 69. Classification of organs of urinary system, their functions. 70. Stages of development of kidney. Sources, terms and mechanisms of development of kidney. 71. Sources and mechanisms of development of ureters, urinary bladder. 72. Anomalies of development of kidneys, ureters and urinary bladder: mechanisms of their formation. 73. Kidneys: external structure, topography of the right and left kidney. 74. Kidneys: tunics of kidney. To describe fasciae of kidney. Fixing apparatus of kidney. 75. Kidney: structure of kidney on the frontal section. 76. Kidneys: structurally-functional unit of kidney., their composition parts. Peculiarities of blood supply of kidney. 77. Renal pelvis (sinus), its contest. Excretory ways of kidney. X-ray anatomy of kidney. 78. Ureter: parts, topography, structure of wall; contractions. X--ray anatomy of ureter. 79. Urinary bladder: parts, topography, structure of wall; relation to peritoneum. 80. Urinary bladder: trigone of urinary bladder, its boundaries ( peculiarities of mucous membrane on this region). X-ray anatomy of urinary bladder. Female urethra. Topography, structure of wall. 81. Topographical classification of organs of female genital system. 82. Sources and mechanisms of development of internal female genital organs. Anomalies of development. 83. Sources and mechanisms of development of external female genital organs. Defects and anomalies of development. 84. Ovary: topography, ligaments, structure, functions. 85. Uterus: topography, position of uterus, ligaments of uterus, relation to peritoneum. 86. Uterus: parts, structure of wall, functions, parametrium. X-ray anatomy of uterus. 87. Uterine tube: topography, parts, structure of wall, relation to peritoneum, functions. X-ray anatomy of uterine tubes. 88. Vagina: topography, fornix, structure of wall. 89. Rudimentary appendices of ovary: epoophoron, paraophoron, their topography and formation. 90. External female genital organs: topography, structure. 91. Female pudendal area (vulva): topography and structure of components, which forms it. Vestibule of vagina: boundaries, which opens in it. 92. Mammary glands: topography, structure. 93. Male genital organs: classification. 94. Sources and mechanisms of development of testis. Stages of development of testis. Anomalies of development of testis. 95. Process of falling of testis. Anomalies of development of testis. Tunics of testis. Which layers does anterior abdominal wall answer? 96. Sources and mechanisms of development of epididymis, deferent duct and seminal vesicle, prostate gland and bulbo-urethral glands. Anomalies of development. 97 .Sources and mechanisms of development of external male genital organs. Anomalies of development. 98. Sources and mechanisms of development of male urethra. Anomalies of development. 99. Testis; topography, external structure. 100. Testis: internal structure, functions. 101. Epididymis; topography, parts, structure, functions. Deferent duct: sizes, parts, topography, structure of wall, functions. 102. Seminal vesicle: topography, structure, functions. Ejaculatory duct: its formation. Where does it open? 103. Name gradually ways of removing of sperms. 104. Spermatic cord: its composition, topography, origin, insertion, membranes. 105. Prostate gland: topography, external and internal structure. 106. Penis: parts, structure. 107. Male urethra: parts, their topography, contractions and broadening. 108. Male urethra: structure of wall. Bulbo-urethral gland :topography, structure, functions. 109. Perineum: definition of perineum in narrow and broad understanding. 110. Perineum: parts, their boundaries, to describe and to demonstrate on preparation. 111. Urogenital diaphragm: boundaries, muscles and fasciae, which forms it. Which organs does penetrate urogenital diaphragm in female and male? 112. Pelvic diaphragm: boundaries, muscles and fasciae, which forms it. 113. Ischio-anal fossa: its walls and contest. 114. Primary lymphatic (lymphoid) organs (peripheral organs of immune system): general regularities of structure, functions. 115. Bony marrow, development, topography, structure, functions, age-old peculiarities. 116. Thymus, development, topography, structure, functions, ageold peculiarities. 117. Secondary lymphatic (lymphoid) organs (peripheral organs of immune system): general regularities of structure, functions. 118. Spleen, development, topography, external structure, internal structure, functions; to describe and to demonstrate on the preparations. 119. Tonsils: topography, structure, functions: to describe and to demonstrate on the preparations. Lymphatic (lymphoid) ring of pharynx: tonsils, which forms it, their topography, structure, functions. 120. Lymphatic (lymphoid) nodes, classification, topography, structure, functions. 121. Solitary and congesting lymphatic (lymphoid) nodules, topography, structure, functions. Appendix: topography, structure, functions. 122. General regularities of structure of endocrine glands. 123. Endocrine glands: embryological classification. 124. Sources and mechanisms of development of endocrine glands. 125. Thyroid gland: topography, parts, structure, functions. 126. Parathyroid glands: topography, structure, functions. Chromaffin bodies (paraganglions): topography, structure, functions, development. 127. Suprarenal gland; topography of right and left suprarenal glands: structure, functions. 128. Hypophysis: topography, parts, functions. 129. Pineal gland: topography, functions. 130. Endocrine part of pancreas: structure, functions. MODULE 3.CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AND SENSEORGANS 1. Nervous system: function, classification. 2. Neuron:: definition, structure, functions. Classification. 3. Receptors: functional meaning, classification by classification and function. 4. Grey matter of the central nervous system: structure, functions 5. White matter of central nervous system: structure, functions. 6. Nervous fibers; bundles, roots, nerves: their structure. 7. Nervous ganglions: classification, topography, functions. 8. Structure of simple and difficult reflex arch’s. 9. Development of central nervous system in embryogenesis. Basic stages of formation of nervous system in phylogenies. Anomalies of development. 10. Spinal cord: topography, superior and inferior boundaries, external structure. 11. Caudal equine: topography, formation. Anatomical ground of place of carrying out of cerebrospinal lumber puncture. 12. Parts of spinal cord and their segments. 13. Structure of spinal cord on section: peculiarities of common location of grey and white matter 14. Grey matter of spinal cord: posterior horns, types of neurons,, which forms them, nuclei and functional character. 15. Grey matter of spinal cord: lateral horns, types of neurons, which forms them, nuclei and functional character. 16. Grey matter of spinal cord: anterior horns, types of neurons,, which forms them, nuclei and functional character. 17. White matter of spinal cord: anterior cords, their boundaries, pathways, which forms them. 18. White matter of spinal cord: lateral cords, their boundaries, pathways, which forms them. 19. White matter of spinal cord: posterior cords, their boundaries, pathways, which forms them. 20. Anterior and posterior roots of spinal nerves: formation, topography, functional meaning. 21. Spinal nerve: formation, topography, branches; conformities to segments of spinal cord. Spinal ganglion: topography, structure, functions. 12 22. Meninges of spinal cord, spaces between them, their maintenance. Fixing apparatus of spinal cord: formation, topography. 23. Development of brain: sources; stage of three and five cerebral bubbles, their derivatives. Anomalies of development of cerebrum. 24. Brain: embryological classification (rhombencephalon – hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain), their derivatives. 25. Hindbrain: its derivatives. 26. Brain: parts ( anatomical classification). 27. Trunk of cerebrum. Development, parts. 28. Brainstem: development, boundaries, external structure. 29. Brainstem: grey and white matter, structure, topography, functional meaning. 30. Pons: development, boundaries, external structure. 31. Pons: grey and white matter, structure, topography, functional meaning. 32. Medial stitch :formation, composition, topography, functional meaning. Reticular formation: topography, structure (main nuclei), connections, functional meaning. 33. Rhomboid fossa: formation, boundaries, relief. Projection of nuclei of cranial nerves. 34. Nuclei of cranial nerves, which are located in dorsal part of brainstem, their functional meaning. 35. Nuclei of cranial nerves, which are located in dorsal part of pons, their functional meaning. 36. Fourth ventricle: development, topography, walls, connections. 37. Midbrain: development, boundaries, external structure, parts. Roofing, external structure, grey matter, its functional meaning, pathways. 38. Midbrain: peduncles of brain, their parts, boundaries, structure of grey and white matter, topography of pathways. 39. Cerebral trunk: character of nuclei of cranial nerves. 40. Cerebellum: development, external structure. 41. Cerebellum: grey matter, its functional meaning. 42. Cerebellum: classification of parts of cerebellum by functional principle. Functional meaning in regulation of movement. 43. Cerebellum: classification of whiter matter, composition of cerebellar peduncles. Topography of pathways. 44. Forebrain;its derivatives. 45. Diencephalon: parts (by International anatomical nomenclature – Ukrainian Standard). 46. Diencephalon: parts. Thalamus: parts. 47. Thalamus: external structure, nuclei of thalamus, their functional meaning. Metathalamus: parts, their functional meaning. 48. Epithalamus:parts, their functional meaning. Epiphysis: topography, functions. 49. Hypothalamus: parts, external structure. Subthalamus: parts, their functional meaning. 50. Hypothalamus: nuclei, their topography, functional meaning. Hypophysis. Hypothalamo-hypophysial system. 51. III ventricle: development, walls, connections. 52. Telencephalon (large) brain: parts. 53. Hemisphere’s of brain: parts. 54. Corpus callosum: its topography, parts, functional meaning. 55. Fornix: its topography, parts, functional meaning. 56. Olfactory brain: parts, their components, functional meaning. 57. Basal nuclei: topography, parts, functional meaning. 58. Striate body: topography, parts, functional meaning. 59. Limbic system: components, functional meaning. 60. Lateral ventricles: development, parts, topography, walls. Anterior horn and central part of lateral ventricle: topography, walls, connections. 61. Posterior and inferior horns of lateral ventricle: topography, walls, connections. 62. White matter of cerebral hemisphere’s: classification, functional meaning. 63. White matter of cerebral hemisphere’s: classification of associate fibers, functional meaning. 64. White matter of cerebral hemisphere’s: long associate fibers, their cords, topography, functional meaning. 65. White matter of cerebral hemisphere’s: commissural fibers, their functional meaning. 66. White matter of cerebral hemisphere’s: projections fibers, classification, functional meaning. 67. White matter of cerebral hemisphere’s: internal capsule, its topography, parts, pathways, which passes in each part. 68. Structure of cerebral hemisphere’s. Works of V.O.Betsa. 69. Cerebral hemisphere’s: surfaces, particles, their boundaries. 70. Relief (grooves and gyres) of superiolateral surface of cerebral hemisphere’s. 71. Relief (grooves and gyres) of medial surface of cerebral hemisphere’s. 72. Relief (grooves and gyres) of inferior surface of cerebral hemisphere’s. 73. Relief of frontal lobe. Localization of cortical centers of analyzer’s in cortex of frontal lobe. 74. Relief of parietal lobe. Localization of cortical centers of analyzer’s in cortex of parietal lobe. 75. Relief of temporal lobe. Localization of cortical centers of analyzer’s in cortex of temporal lobe. 76. Relief of occipital lobe. Localization of cortical centers of analyzer’s in cortex of occipital lobe. 77. Chemurgical structures of brain and spinal cord. 78. Meninges of brain. 79. Dura mater of brain and its processes. Differences between dura mater of brain and spinal cord. 80. Dura mater of brain: sinuses, their topography. The sources of reaching of venous blood to sinuses of dura mater of brain. 81. Intermeningeal spaces: their content. 82. Formation and outflow of cerebrospinal fluid. Anomalies of development of meninges of brain. 83. Subarachnoid space: formation, cisternae, connections. 84. Pathways of CNS: definition, classification. 85. Somatosensory ways of consciously sensitivity; way of consciously proprioceptive sensitivity. 86. Somatosensory ways of consciously sensitivity; way of consciously proprioceptive sensitivity. 87. Somatosensory ways of consciously sensitivity; way of temperature and painful sensitivity. 88. Somatosensory ways of consciously sensitivity; way of painful, temperature, tactile and consciously consciously sensitivity. 89. Somatosensory ways of unconsciously sensitivity (proprioceptive sensitivity of cerebellar direction). 90. Descending pathways. 91. Pyramid ways. 92. Extrapyramid mobile system: centers, functions. 93. Pathways of extrapyramid mobile system. 94. Organ of smell: structure, functions. 95. Organ of taste: structure, functions. 96. Eye: parts, topography. Eyeball: coats. 97. Eyeball: development, anomalies of development, external structure. 98. Eyeball: choroid coat, its parts, structure, functions. 99. Eyeball: vascular coat, its parts, structure, functions. 100. Eyeball: retina, its parts, structure, functions. 101. Refractive environment of eyeball: name them. 102. Chambers of eyeball: boundaries, connections. Formation and ways of circulation of aqueous humor of chambers of eyeball. 103. Accessory structures of eye, name, their functions. 104. Additional structures of eye: external orbicular muscles. Their character and functions. 105. Lacrimal apparatus: parts, topography, functions, ways of outflow of tear. 106. Pathways of visual analyzer. 107. Ear: its parts, embryogenesis, anomalies and variants of development. 108. External ear; its parts and structure Auricle, structure, functions. 109. External ear: external acoustic motion, parts, boundaries, structure. Tympanic membrane: topography, parts, structure, functions. 110. Middle ear: parts, structure. Tympanic cavity: topography, walls, connections, contest. 111. Acoustic bones: topography,, their parts. Joints and muscles of acoustic bones. 112. Auditory tube: topography, parts, connections, structures. 113. Internal ear: parts. Bony labyrinth :parts. 114. Bony labyrinth: semicircular canals, their topography, parts, connections, structure, functions. 115. Bony labyrinth: vestibule. Its topography, walls, relief of internal surface, connections, functions. 116. Bony labyrinth: cochlea, topography, structure, connections, functions. 117. Membranous labyrinth: topography, parts. 118. Perilymphatic space: formation, contest, connections. 119. Endolymphatic space: formation, contest, connections. 120. Bony labyrinth: semicircular canals, their topography, parts, connections, structure, functions. 121. Bony labyrinth: semicircular ducts, their topography, parts, structure, functions. 122. Bony labyrinth: cochlear labyrinth, walls, their structure, functions. 123. To describe ways of transit of acoustic vibration. 124. Pathways of acoustic analyzer. 125. Pathways of balance ( vestibular apparatus). MODULE 4. VESSELS AND NERVES OF HEAD AND NECK 1. Classification of cranial nerves. 13 2. Anatomical differences of cranial and spinal nerves. 3. General plan of structure of motor cranial nerves. 4. General plan of structure of sensory ( true) cranial nerves. 5. General plan of structure of mixed cranial nerves. 6. General plan of structure of sensory cranial nerves, derivatives of brain. 7. Anatomical differences of structure of sensory cranial nerves, derivatives of brain, from true sensory cranial nerves. 8. I pair of cranial nerves: development, common character, formation, topography. 9. II pair of cranial nerves: development, common character, formation, topography. 10. III pair of cranial nerves: development, common character, formation, topography. 11. General structure of vegetative nodes of head: roots, their formation; branches, their composition and objects of innervations. 12. Ciliary’s ganglion :topography, roots, branches, areas of innervations. 13. IV pair of cranial nerves: development, general character, nucleus, exit from brain, exit from skull, areas of innervations. 14. V pair of cranial nerves: development, general character, intracranial part of V pair. 15. V pair of cranial nerves: sensory ganglion of V pair, its topography, motion of central and peripheral fibers. 16. V pair of cranial nerves: 1st branch of V pair – formation, exit from skull, branches, areas of innervations. 17. V pair of cranial nerves: 2d branch of V pair – formation, exit from skull, branches, areas of innervations. 18. Pterygopalatine ganglion: topography, roots, branches, areas of innervations. 19. V pair of cranial nerves:3d branch of V pair – formation, exit from skull, branches, areas of innervations. 20. Submandibular ganglion: topography, roots, branches, areas of innervations. 21. Sublingual ganglion: topography, roots, branches, areas of innervations. 22. Ear ganglion: topography, roots, branches, areas of innervations. 23. VI pair of cranial nerves: development, general character, nucleus, exit from brain, exit from skull, areas of innervations. 24. VII pair of cranial nerves and intermediate nerve: development, general character, nuclei, topography, branches, areas of innervations. 25. Vegetative nodes of head, which are connected with midbrain: their roots, branches, areas of innervations. 26. VIII pair of cranial nerves: development, parts, their general character, nuclei, formation, topography. 27. IX pair of cranial nerves: development, general character, nuclei, exit from brain, exit from skull, branches, areas of innervations. 28. X pair of cranial nerves: development, general character, nuclei, exit from brain, exit from skull, parts, their topography. 29. X pair of cranial nerves: branches of main and cervical parts – their topography, composition of fibers, areas of innervations. 30. X pair of branches of thoracic and abdominal parts – their topography, composition of fibers, areas of innervations. 31. XI pair VIII pair of cranial nerves: development, general character, nuclei, exit from brain, exit from skull, areas of innervations. 32. XII pair of cranial nerves: development, general character, nuclei, exit from brain, exit from skull, areas of innervations. 33. Cervical plexus: formation, topography, branches, areas of innervations. 34. Aorta: parts, their topography. Aortic arch. its branches. Variants and anomalies of development of branches of aortic arch. 35. Common carotid artery: origin (right and left), their topography, branches. External carotid artery; topography, classification of branches. 36. External carotid artery: anterior group of branches, their topography, areas of blood supply. 37. External carotid artery: lingual artery, its topography, branches, areas of blood supply. 38. External carotid artery: facial artery, its topography, branches, areas of blood supply. 39. External carotid artery: posterior group of branches, their topography, areas of blood supply. 40. External carotid artery: medial group of branches, their topography, areas of blood supply. 41. External carotid artery: superficial temporal artery, its topography, branches, areas of blood supply. 42. External carotid artery: maxillary artery, its topography, parts, branches, areas of blood supply. 43. Internal carotid artery: parts, their topography. 44. Internal carotid artery; cerebral part, its topography, branches, areas of blood supply. 45. Internal carotid artery: ophthalmic artery, its topography, branches. 46. Subclavian artery: origin (of right and left) arteries, topographical parts of subclavian artery, main branches. 47. Subclavian artery: vertebral artery, parts, their topography, branches of each part, areas of blood supply. 48. Basilar artery: formation, topography, branches. 49. Arterial circle of brain: topography, formation, functional meaning. 50. Subclavian artery: internal thoracic artery, topography, branches, areas of blood supply. 51. Subclavian artery: thyro-cervical trunk, its branches, areas of blood supply. 52. Subclavian artery: costo-cervical trunk, its branches, areas of blood supply. 53. Internal jugular vein: formation, topography, classification of tributaries. 54. Intracranial tributaries of internal jugular vein, to call. 55. Ways of outflow of venous blood from venous sinuses of dura mater of brain. 56. Veins of the brain. Classification. Formation. Tributaries. 57. Extra cranial tributaries of internal jugular vein. 58. Anastomoses between intracranial and extra cranial tributaries of internal jugular vein. 59. External jugular vein: formation, topography, tributaries. Anterior jugular vein: formation, topography, tributaries. Jugular venous arch: topography, formation. 60. Brachiocephalic vein: formation, topography, tributaries. Venous angle: formation, topography. Formation of superior vena cava. 61. Main lymphatic trunks of head and neck: formation, topography, regions of gathering of lymph, flow into lymphatic ducts. 62. Lymphatic nodes of head: classification, topography, regions of collection of lymph, ways of outflow of lymph. 63. Lymphatic nodes of neck: classification, topography, regions of collection of lymph, ways of outflow of lymph. 64. Blood supply of superiolateral surface of hemisphere. 65. Blood supply of medial surface of hemisphere. 66. Blood supply of base of brain. 67. Blood supply of frontal lobe. 68. Blood supply of parietal lobe. 69. Blood supply of temporal lobe. 70. Blood supply of occipital lobe. 71. Blood supply of cerebellum. 72. Blood supply of cerebral trunk. 73. Blood supply and innervations of dura mater of brain. 74. Blood supply and innervations of mucous membrane of nasal cavity 75. Blood supply and innervations eyeball. 76. Blood supply and innervations of lacrimal gland. 77 .Blood supply and innervations of external eye muscles. 78. Blood supply and innervations of external ear. 79. Blood supply and innervations of middle ear. 80 Blood supply and innervations of tympanic cavity. 81.Blood supply and innervations of internal ear. 82.Blood supply and innervations of parotid gland. 83.Blood supply and innervations of submandibular gland. 84.Blood supply and innervations of sublingual gland. 85.Blood supply and innervations of mucous membrane of mouth cavity. 86.Blood supply and innervations of soft palate. 87.Blood supply and innervations of tongue. 88.Blood supply and innervations of upper tooth. 89.Blood supply and innervations of lower tooth. 90.Blood supply and innervations of pharynx. 91.Blood supply and innervations of palatine tonsils. 92.Blood supply and innervations of larynx. 93.Blood supply and innervations of thyroid gland. 94.Blood supply and innervations of muscles of mystification. 95.Blood supply and innervations of facial muscles (muscles of expression). 96.Blood supply and innervations of superficial muscles of neck. 97.Blood supply and innervations of suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles of neck. 98.Blood supply and innervations of deepcervical muscles. 99.Blood supply and innervations of skin of face. 100.Blood supply and innervations of temporo-mandibular joint 101.Walls, contents and connections of infratemporal fossa. 102.Walls, contents and connections of pterygopalatine fossa.. . MODULE 5. VESSELS AND NERVES OF TRUNK AND LIMPS 1. General plan of the cardiovascular system. Classification of vessels. 2. Development of heart in embryogenesis: sources of development, stages of development, their character. Anomalies of development of heart. 14 3. Heart: topography, variants of position of heart, variants of shape of heart. Age peculiarities of structure of heart. 4. Heart: the external structure, chambers of heart. 5. Right atrium: the vessels which falls in it, auricle, relief of the internal surface, interatrial septum. 6. Right atrio-ventricular valve: topography, cusps, their structure. 7. Right ventricle: connections, structure, relief of the internal surface. 8. Valve of pulmonary trunk: topography, structure. 9. Interventricular septum: parts, its structure. 10. Left atrium: vessels which falls in it, auricle, relief of the internal surface. 11. Left atrio-ventricular valve: topography, cusps, their structure. 12. Left ventricle: connections, structure, relief of the internal structure. 13. Aortic valve: topography, structure 14. Valves of heart; topography, structure. 15. Heart: structure of wall. 16. Heart: endocardium, its structure. Derivatives of endocardium. 17. Heart: myocardium of atrium, its structure. 18. Heart: myocardium of ventricles, its structure. 19. Conduction system of heart: nodes, cords, their topography, functions. 20. Heart: third circle of blood circulation. 21. Heart: right coronary artery, its topography, branches, areas of blood supply. 22. Heart: left coronary artery, its topography, branches, areas of blood supply. 23. Heart: anastomoses between right and left coronary arteries, name and to describe their topography. 24. Heart: to describe ways of outflow of venous blood from heart’s wall. Coronoid sinus: its topography, tributaries. 25. Pericardium: structure, cavity, recesses. 26. Heart: projection of heart on the anterior wall of the thorax. Boundaries of heart. 27. Projection of heart’s valves. Regions of auscultation of the heat’s valves. 28. Large circle of blood circulation. Works of Garveya and their value. 29. Small circle of circulation of blood. 30. Blood circulation of fetus. 31.General anatomy of arteries: anatomical classification, classification after structure of arteries walls; function of the different groups of arteries. 32. Regularities of distribution of arteries in human body. Variants of branching of arteries. 33. Development of vessels in embryogenesis: sources, mechanism of development. Variants and anomalies of development of vessels. 34. Concept about organic specificity of circulatory system. Hemicirculatory system: link, its functional character. 35. Aorta: parts, topography. 36. Thoracic aorta: topography, main branches, areas of blood supply. 37. Thoracic aorta: topography, parietal branches, areas of blood supply. 38. Thoracic aorta: topography, visceral branches, areas of blood supply. 39 .Abdominal aorta: topography, classification of branches. 40. Abdominal aorta: parietal branches, their topography, areas of blood supply. 41. Abdominal aorta: visceral branches, their classification, areas of blood supply. 42. Abdominal aorta: paired visceral branches, topography, areas of blood supply. 43. Abdominal aorta: unpaired visceral branches, topography, areas of blood supply. 44. Abdominal aorta: celiac trunk, its topography, branches, areas of blood supply. 45. Celiac trunk: common hepatic artery, its topography, branches, areas of blood supply. 46. Celiac trunk: spleenic artery, its topography, branches, areas of blood supply. 47. Abdominal aorta: superior mesenteric artery, topography, branches, areas of blood supply. 48. Abdominal aorta: inferior mesenteric artery, topography, branches, areas of blood supply. 49. Intersystem and intrasystem arterial anatomies between branches of abdominal aorta. 50. Common iliac artery: formation, topography, branches. 51. Internal iliac artery: topography, classification of branches. 52. Internal iliac artery: parietal branches, their topography, areas of blood supply. 53. Internal iliac artery: visceral branches, their topography, areas of blood supply. 54. Internal iliac artery: internal pudendal artery, its topography, branches, areas of blood supply. 55. General anatomy of veins: anatomical classification, classification by structure of wall; functions of different groups of veins. 56. Regularities of distribution of veins in human organism. Tributaries of veins, definition. 57. Superior vena cava: formation, topography, tributaries. 58. Azygos vein: formation, topography, classification of tributaries. 59. Azygos vein: visceral tributaries, regions of collection of venous blood. 60. Azygos vein: parietal tributaries, regions of collection of venous blood. 61. Hemiazygos vein: formation, topography, classification of tributaries.Accessory hemiazygos vein, topography, tributaries. 62. Hemiazygos vein: visceral tributaries, regions of collection of venous blood. 63. Hemiazygos vein: parietal tributaries, regions of collection of venous blood. 64. Intercostals veins: topography, tributaries, regions of collection of venous blood. 65. Veins of vertebral column; vertebral venous plexuses, their topography, ways of outflow of venous blood. 66. Inferior vena cava: formation, topography, classification of tributaries. 67. Inferior vena cava: visceral tributaries, regions of collection of venous blood. 68. Inferior vena cava: parietal tributaries, regions of collection of venous blood. 69. Portal vein: formation, tributaries, regions of collection of venous blood, topography. 70. Portal vein formation, tributaries, topography, branching in liver, functional meaning. 71. Internal iliac vein: topography, classification of tributaries. 72. Internal iliac vein: parietal tributaries, their topography, regions of collection of venous blood. 73. Venous plexuses of small pelvis: formation, topography, regions of collection of venous blood. 74. Intrasystem and intersystem venous anastomoses: definition. 75. Porto-caval venous anastomoses in esophageal region. 76. Porto-caval anastomoses in region of rectum. 77. Porto-caval anastomoses on the posterior wall of abdominal cavity. 78. Cava-caval anastomoses on the anterior wall of abdominal cavity. 79. Porto-cava-caval anastomoses on the anterior wall of abdominal cavity 80. Cava-caval anastomoses on on the posterior wall of abdominal cavity. 81. Cava-caval anastomosesinregion of vertebral column. 82. Lymphatic system: common character, functions. 83. Lymphatic vessels: formation, their structure, topography, functions. 84. Lymphatic system. Thoracic duct, its roots, topography, tributaries, place of inflow into venous system. 85. Lymphatic system. Right lymphatic duct, its roots, topography, tributaries, place of inflow into venous system. 86. Autonomic part of the peripheral nervous system (vegetative nervous system); parts, functions, objects of innervations. 87. The differences between somatic nervous system and vegetative nervous system. 88. Morphological difference of reflex arch of autonomic part of the peripheral autonomic system (vegetative nervous system). 89. Morphological difference between sympathetic and parasympathetic parts of autonomic part of the peripheral autonomic system ( vegetative nervous system). 90. Vegetative nervous system: central part, its classification, topography, formation. 91. Vegetative nervous system: peripheral part, its components. 92. Vegetative nodes: classification, structure, topography, differences from sensory nodes. 93. Sympathetic trunk: topography, parts, nodes, their connections. 94. Preganglionic sympathetic branches: formation, topography. 95. Cervical part of sympathetic trunk: nodes, which forms it, their topography, sources of preganglionic fibers. 96. Cervical part of sympathetic trunk: superior cervical node, its topography, sources of preganglionic fibers, branches, areas of innervations. 97. Cervical part of sympathetic trunk: middle cervical node, its topography, sources of preganglionic fibers, branches, areas of innervations. 98. Cervical part of sympathetic trunk: inferior cervical node, its topography, sources of preganglionic fibers, branches, areas of innervations. 99. Thoracic part of sympathetic trunk: nodes their topography, sources of the preganglionic fibers,branches, areas of innervations. 100 Visceral nerves: their formation, composition of fibers, topography. 101.Lumbar part of sympathetic trunk: nodes their topography, sources of the preganglionic fibers,branches, areas of innervations. 102.Sacral part of sympathetic trunk: nodes their topography, sources of the preganglionic fibers, branches, areas of innervations. 103.Vegetative plexuses of the abdominal cavity; formation, topography, composition of fibers, areas of innervations. 104.Celiac aortic plexus: secondary plexuses, their topography, composition of fibers, nodes, areas of innervations. 105. Vegetative plexuses of small pelvis: formation, topography, composition of fibers, areas of innervations. 106. Inferior hypogastric plexus: secondary plexuses, their topography, composition of fibers, areas of innervations. 15 107. Objects of innervations of main part of the parasympathetic part of vegetative nervous system. 108. Objects of innervations of sacral part of the sympathetic part of vegetative nervous system. 109. Blood supply and innervations of wall of the thoracic cavity. 110. Blood supply and innervations of diaphragm. 111 Blood supply and innervations of trachea. 112. Blood supply and innervations of bronchi. 113. Blood supply and innervations of lungs. 114. Blood supply and innervations of pleura. 115. Blood supply and innervations of esophagus. 116. Blood supply and innervations of heart. 117. Heart: cardiac nervous plexuses, their topography, sources of formation, composition of fibers. 118. Heart: intramural nervous plexuses, their topography, sources of formation, composition of fibers. 119. Blood supply and innervations of pericardium. 120. Blood supply and innervations of spinal cord. 121. Blood supply and innervations of wall of abdominal cavity. 122. Blood supply and innervations of liver. 123. Blood supply and innervations of gall bladder. 124. Blood supply and innervations of stomach. 125. Blood supply and innervations of small intestine. 126. Blood supply and innervations of duodenum. 127. Blood supply and innervations of jejunum. 128. Blood supply and innervations of ilium. 129. Blood supply and innervations of large intestine. 131. Blood supply and innervations of ascending colon. 132. Blood supply and innervations of transverse colon 133. Blood supply and innervations of descending colon. 134. Blood supply and innervations of sigmoid colon. 135. Blood supply and innervations of rectum. 136. Blood supply and innervations of pancreas. 137. Blood supply and innervations of spleen. 138. Blood supply and innervations of kidneys. Structure of intraorganic circulative system of kidneys. 139. Blood supply and innervations of ureter. 140. Blood supply and innervations of urinary bladder. 141. Blood supply and innervations of urethra. 142. Blood supply and innervations.of suprarenal glands. 143. Blood supply and innervations of ovary. 144. Blood supply and innervations of uterus. 145. Blood supply and innervations of uterine tubes. 146. Blood supply and innervations of vagina. 147. Blood supply and innervations of external female genital organs. 148. Blood supply and innervations of testis. 149. Blood supply and innervations of deferent duct. 150. Blood supply and innervations of seminal vesicles. 151. Blood supply and innervations of prostate gland. 152. Blood supply and innervations of male external genital organs. 153. Blood supply and innervations of perineum. 154. Axillary artery: topography, parts, branches, areas of blood supply. 155. Humeral artery: topography, branches, areas of blood supply. 156. Humeral artery: deep humeral artery, its topography, branches, areas of blood supply. 157. Radial artery: topography, branches, areas of blood supply. 158. Ulnar artery: topography, branches, areas of blood supply. 159. Cubital articular network: sources of formation, topography, areas of blood supply. 160. Superficial palmar arch: sources of formation, topography, branches, areas of blood supply. 161. Deep palmar arch: sources of formation, topography, branches, areas of blood supply. 162. Dorsal carpal network: sources of formation, topography, branches, areas of blood supply. 163. Palmar carpal network: sources of formation, topography, areas of blood supply. 164. Arterial anastomoses of hand. 165. Veins of upper limb: classification. Superficial veins, their topography, regions of flow to venous vessels. Anastomoses between superficial veins. 166. Veins of upper limb: classification. Deep veins, their topography, peculiarities of location on hand, forearm and shoulder. 167. Axillary vein: topography, tributaries. 168. External iliac artery: formation, topography, branches, areas of blood supply. 169. Femoral artery: topography, branches, areas of blood supply. 170. Femoral artery: deep femoral artery, its topography, branches, areas of blood supply. 171. Popliteal artery: topography, branches, areas of blood supply. 172. Anterior tibial artery: topography, branches, areas of blood supply. 173. Posterior tibial artery: topography, branches, areas of blood supply. 174. Posterior tibial artery: fibular artery, its topography, branches, areas of blood supply. 175. Articular knee network: sources of formation, topography, areas of blood supply. 176. Medial network: sources of formation, topography, areas of blood supply. 177. Lateral malleolus network: sources of formation, topography, areas of blood supply. 178. Foot network:sources of formation, topography, areas of blood supply. 179. Medial plantar artery: formation, topography, branches, areas of blood supply. 180. Lateral plantar artery: formation, topography, branches, areas of blood supply. 181. Dorsal artery of foot: formation, topography, branches, areas of blood supply. 182. Arterial anastomoses of foot. 183. Veins of lower limb: classification. Superficial veins: their topography, regions of flow into venous vessels. 184. Superficial veins of lower limb; large saphenous vein,, its formation, topography. 185. Veins of lower limb: classification. Deep veins, their topography, peculiarities of location on foot, leg and femur. 186. Femoral vein: topography, tributaries. 187. Peripheral nervous system: components, their general character. 188. Spinal nerve: formation, topography, branches, conformities to segments of spinal cord. 189. Posterior branches of spinal nerves, composition of their fibers, topography and areas of innervations. 190. Posterior branch of the I-II cervical spinal nerves: composition of fibers, topography, areas of innervations. 191. Anterior branches of spinal nerves: composition of fibers, general regularity of structure and topography of anterior branches of different spinal nerves. 192. Thoracic spinal nerve: formation, branches, topography, areas of innervations. 193. Intercostal nerves: formation, branches, topography, areas of innervations. 194. General princeples of structure of somatic nervous plexuses. 195. Cervical plexus: phrenic nerve, its composition of fibers, topography, branches, areas of innervations. 196. Humeral plexus: formation, topography, parts, classification of branches. 197. Humeral plexus: supraclavicular part, its topography, components. 198. Short branches of humeral plexus: their topography, areas of innervations. 199. Short branches of humeral plexus: axillary nerve, its topography, areas of innervations. 200. Humeral plexus: infraclavicular part, its topography, components. 201. Long branches of humeral plexus: their topography, areas of innervations. 202. Long branches of humeral plexus: musculocutaneous nerve, its formation, topography, branches, areas of innervations. 203. Long branches of humeral plexus: median nerve, its formation, topography, branches, areas of innervations. 204. Long branches of humeral plexus: ulnar nerve, its formation, topography, branches, areas of innervations. 205. Long branches of humeral plexus: radial nerve its formation, topography, branches, areas of innervations. 206. Long cutaneous branches of humeral plexus: their formation, topography, areas of innervations. 207. Lumbar plexus: formation, topography, branches, areas of innervations. 208. Lumbar plexus: femoral nerve, its topography, branches, areas of innervations.. 209. Lumbar plexus: obturator nerve, its topography, branches, areas of innervations. 210. Sacral and coccygeal plexuses: formation, topography, classification of branches. 211. Sacral plexus: short branches, their topography, areas of innervations. 212. Short branches of sacral plexus: pudendal nerve, composition of fibers, its topography, areas of innervations. 213. Long branches of sacral plexus: their topography, branches, areas of innervations 16 214. Long branches of sacral plexus: sciatic nerve, its topography, branches, areas of innervations. 215. Tibial nerve: its formation, topography, branches, areas of innervations. 216. Common fibular ( peroneal ) nerve: its formation, topography, branches, areas of innervations. 217. Coccygeal plexus, formation, topography, braches, areas of innervations. 218. Blood supply and innervations of back muscles. 219. Blood supply and innervations of thoracic muscles. 220. Blood supply and innervations of abdominal muscles. 221. Blood supply and innervations of muscles of shoulder girdle. 222. Blood supply and innervations of shoulder muscles. 223. Blood supply and innervations of antebrachial muscles. 224. Blood supply and innervations of hand muscles. 225. Blood supply and innervations of hip muscles. 226. Blood supply and innervations of femoral muscles. 227. Blood supply and innervations of leg muscles. 228. Blood supply and innervations of foot muscles. 229. Blood supply and innervations of joints of girdle of upper limb. 230. Blood supply and innervations of shoulder joint. 231. Blood supply and innervations of elbow joint. 232. Blood supply and innervations of radio-carpal joint. 233. Blood supply and innervations of hip joint. 234. Blood supply and innervations of knee joint. 235. Blood supply and innervations of talo-crural joint. 236. Blood supply and innervations of fingers of hand ( dorsal and palmar surfaces). 237. Blood supply and innervations of thumb (dorsal and palmar surfaces). 238. Blood supply and innervations of fingers of foot. 239. Innervations of skin of the upper limb. 240. Innervations of skin of the lower limb. 4. 8. List of practical tasks and works to final module control Module I "Anatomy of locomotory apparatus” Vertebra Body of vertebra Arch of vertebra Superior vertebral notch Inferior vertebral notch Vertebral opening Spinous process Transverse sprout Superior articular process Inferior articular process Cervical vertebrae Anterior arch of atlas Pit of tooth Groove of vertebral artery Posterior arch of atlas Lateral mass of atlas Dens of axial vertebra Carotid tubercle (VI cervical vertebra ) Transverse opening Posterior tubercle Groove of spinal nerve |Thoracic vertebrae Superior costal fossa Inferior costal fossa Costal fossa of transverse process Lumbar vertebrae Additional process Mamillary process Sacral bone Basis of sacral bone Auricular surface of sacral bone Apex of sacral bone Sacral tuberosity Pelvic surface Transverse lines Anterior sacral openings Spinal surface Posterior sacral openings Middle sacral crest Medial sacral crest Lateral sacral crest Sacral canal Sacral crest Rib Head of rib Articular surface of head of rib Crest of head of rib Neck of rib Body of rib Tubercle of rib Angle of rib Groove of rib Tubercle of anterior serratus muscle Groove for subclavian artery (on the first rib) Groove for subclavian vein (on the first rib) Tuberosity of anterior serratus muscle Sternum Manubrium of sternum Jugular notch ( sterni ) Clavicular notch Body of sterni Costal notch Xiphoid process Angle sterni Frontal bone Frontal squama Frontal tuber Superciliary arch Glabella Groove for superior sagittal sinus Frontal crest Cecum foramen Supraorbital border Supraorbital foramen Zygomatic process Orbital part Fossa for lacrimal gland Nasal part Nasal spine Ethmoid notch Frontal sinus Parietal bone Parietal border Squamous border Sagittal border Frontal border Frontal angle Occipital angle Sphenoid angle Mastoid angle Parietal foramen Superior temporal line Occipital bone Magnum foramen Basilar part Pharyngeal tubercle Clivus Lateral part Occipital condyle Condylar canal Condylar fossa Jugular notch Jugular process Hypoglossal canal Occipital squama External occipital protuberance Superior nuchae line Inferior nuchae line Internal occipital protuberance Cruciform eminence Groove for transverse sinus Groove for sigmoid sinus Sphenoid bone Body of sphenoid bone Turkish saddle Hypophysial fossa Tubercle of saddle Dorsum of saddle Carotid groove Sphenoid sinus Lesser wing of sphenoid bone Greater wing of sphenoid bone Cerebral surface of greater wing Temporal surface of greater wing Infratemporal surface of greater wing Maxillary surface of greater wing Orbital surface of greater wing Superior orbital fissure Optic canal Rotundum foramen Oval foramen Spinous foramen Pterygoid process Lateral plate Medial plate Pterygoid canal Pterygoid fossa Pterygoid notch Temporal bone Petrosal part of temporal bone Superior border of petrosal part Groove for superior petrosal sinus Posterior border of petrosal part Groove of inferior petrosal sinus Anterior border of petrosal part Tegmen of tympanic part Trigeminal impression Hiatus for canal of great petrosal nerve Groove for great petrosal nerve Hiatus for canal of small petrosal nerve Groove for small petrosal nerve Posterior surface of petrosal part Internal acoustic foramen Internal acoustic meatus Subarcuate fossa Inferior surface of petrosal part Jugular fossa Styloid fossa Stylomastoid foramen Petrosal fossula External foramen of carotid canal Internal foramen of carotid canal Mastoid process ( temporal bone) Groove for sigmoid sinus Mastoid notch Mastoid foramen Tympanic part Squamous part Zygomatic process Articular tubercle Mandibular fossa External acoustic foramen External acoustic meatus Ethmoid bone Cribriforme plate Cribriforme foramens Perpendicular plate Ethmoid labyrinthus Orbital plate Superior nasal concha Middle nasal concha Maxilla Body of maxillae Orbital surface Infraorbital groove of maxillae Infraorbital canal of maxillae Infraorbital border of body of maxillae Anterior surface of body of maxillae Infraorbital foramen of maxillae Nasal notch Infratemporal surface of body of maxillae Tuber maxillae Alveolar foramens Nasal surface of body of maxillae Lacrimal groove Hiatus maxillae Frontal process of maxillae Zygomatic process Palatine process Alveolar process Dental alveoli Mandible Body of mandible Alveolar part Alveolar arch of mandible Dental alveoli Basis of mandible Submental protuberance of mandible Submental tubercle Submental foramen Digastric fossa of mandible Mylohyoid line of mandible Sublingual fossa Branch of mandible Angle of mandible Masseteric tuberosity Pterygoid tuberosity Mandibular notch Condylar process of mandible Capitulum of mandible Neck of mandible Pterygoid fossa of mandible Coronoid process of mandible 17 Foramen of mandible Canal of mandible Inferior nasal concha Lacrimal bone Nasal bone Vomer Palatine bone Perpendicular plate Spheno-palatine notch Pyramid process Horizontal plate Zygomatic bone Lateral surface Temporal surface Orbital surface Frontal process Temporal process Zygomatico-orbital foramen Zygomatico-facial foramen Zygomatico-temporal foramen Hyoid bone Body of hyoid bone Lesser horn Greater horn Roof of skull Temporal fossa Walls of temporal fossa Zygomatic arch Pterygopalatine fossa Walls of pterygopalatine fossa Anterior cranial fossa Middle cranial fossa Posterior cranial fossa Groove for superior sagittal sinus (skull) Groove for transverse sinus (skull) Groove for sigmoid sinus (skull) External base of skull Lacerum foramen (skull) Jugular foramen (skull) Carotid canal of temporal bone (skull) Musculotubarius canal ( skull) Osseous palate Major palatine canal Lesser palatine foramens Incisive canal Orbit Orbital entrance Supraorbital border ( skull ) Infraorbital border ( skull ) Walls of orbital fossae Anterior ethmoid foramen Posterior ethmoid foramen Inferior orbital fissure Osseous nasal cavity Choana Superior nasal portion Middle nasal portion Inferior nasal portion Common nasal portion Scapula Costal surface Subscapular fossa Posterior surface Scapular spine Acromion Supraspinous fossa Infraspinous fossa Median border Lateral border Superior border Coracoid process Scapular notch Superior angle Inferior angle Lateral angle Glenoid cavity Supraspinous tubercle Infraspinous tubercle Scapular neck Clavicle Sternal end Body of scapulae Acromial end Humerus Head of humerus Anatomical neck Greater tubercle Lesser tubercle Crest of greater tubercle Crest of lesser tubercle Intertubercular groove Surgical neck Body of humerus Deltoid tuberosity Groove for radial nerve Condyle of humerus Capitulum of humerus Trochlea of humerus Cubital fossa Coronoid fossa Lateral epicondyle Radial fossa Medial epicondyle Groove for ulnar nerve Radius Head of radius Articular circumference Articular fossa Neck of radius Radial tuberosity Surfaces of body of radius Borders of body of radius Styloid process of radius Ulnar notch Carpal articular surface Ulna Olecranon process Trochlear notch Coronoid process Ulnar tuberosity Radial notch Body of ulna Surfaces of body of ulna Borders of body of ulna Head of ulna Styloid process of ulna Articular circumference Bones of hand Carpal bones Scaphoid bone Lunate bone Triquetral bone Pisiforme bone Trapezoid-bone Capitate bone Hamate bone Metacarpal bones Base of metacarpal bone Body of metacarpal bone Head of metacarpal bone Bones of fingers of hand (phalanges digitorum ) Proximal phalanx Middle phalanx Distal phalanx Hip bone Acetabulum Fossa of acetabulum Lunate surface of acetabulum Acetabular notch Obturator foramen Great sciatic notch Iliac bone Body of iliac bone Wing of iliac bone Iliac crest Superior anterior iliac spine Inferior anterior iliac spine Inferior posterior iliac spine External lip Intermediate line Internal lip Iliac fossa Gluteal surface Auricular surface Iliac tuberosity Ischium bone Body of ischium bone Branch of ischium bone Ischial tuber Ischial spine Lesser ischial notch Pubic bone Body of pubic bone Superior branch of pubic bone Pubic tubercle Ilio-pubic eminence Symphysial surface Inferior branch of pubic bone Obturator groove Pelvis Pelvic cavity Great pelvis Small pelvis Terminal line Pubic arch Upper pelvic foramen Lower pelvic foramen Femur Head of femur Neck of femur Lesser trochanter of femur bone Greater trochanter of femur bone Intertrochanteric crest Intertrochanteric line Body of femur Surfaces of the body Aspera line of femur bone Lateral lip Medial lip Pectinea line Ischial tuberosity Popliteal surface Medial condyle Epicondyle of femur bone Patellar surface Intercondylar fossa Patella Tibia bone Lateral condyle Articular fibular surface Medial condyle Superior articular surface Anterior intercondylar area Posterior intercondylar area Intercondylar eminence Body of tibia bone Surfaces of body of tibia Tibial tuberosity Borders of tibia Medial maleollus Fibular notch Inferior articular surface Fibula bone Head of fibulae Body of fibulae Lateral maleollus Bones of foot Tarsal bones Metatarsal bones Talus bone Head of talus Neck of talus Body of talus Calcaneus bone Tuber of calcaneus Sustentaculum of talus Navicular bone Medial cuneiforme bone Intermediate cuneiforme bone Lateral cuneiforme bone Cuboid bone Tarsal bones Base of tarsal bone Body of tarsal bone Head of tarsal bone Bones of fingers ( phalanges) Proximal phalanx Medial phalanx Distal phalanx Connections of skull Sutures of skull Conoid suture of skull Sagittal suture of skull Lambdoid suture of skull Fontanels of skull Synchondroses of skull Temporo-mandibular joint Atlanto-occipital joint Connections of vertebral column Intervertebral disc Fibrous ring of intervertebral disc Gelatinous nucleus of intervertebral disc Anterior longitudinal ligament (of spine) Posterior longitudinal ligament (of spine) Interspinous ligament (of spine) Yellow ligament (of spine) Supraspinous ligament (of spine) Transverse ligament (of spine) Arcuate joint Middle atlanto-occipital joint Lateral atlanto-occipital joint Sacro-coccygeal joint Connections of thorax Costo-sternal joint Sterno-costal joint Joint of head of rib Costo-transverse joint Connections of upper limp Acromio-clavicular joint Sterno-clavicular joint Interclavicular ligament Costo-clavicular ligament Anterior sterno-clavicular ligament Posterior sterno-clavicular ligament Shoulder joint Lip of the glenoid cavity (shoulder joint ) Caroco-humeral joint Elbow joint Humero-ulnar joint Humero-radial joint Proximal radio-ulnar joint Collateral ulnar ligament Collateral radial ligament Interosseous membrane of forearm Distal radio-ulnar joint Radio-carpal joint Dorsal radio-carpal ligament Palmar radio-carpal ligament Ulnar collateral carpal ligament Radial collateral carpal ligament Intermetacarpal joints Radiocarpal joint Joint of pisiforme bone Carpal canal Carpo-metacarpal joints Intercarpal joints Carpo-phalangeal joints Interphalangeal joints of hand Collateral ligaments 18 Connections of lower limp Obturator membrane Obturator canal Great sciatic opening Small sciatic opening Pubic symphysis Sacro-iliac joint Hip joint Acetabular lip Ligament of fovea of femoral head Ilio-femoral ligament Ischio-femoral ligament Pubo-femoral ligament Knee joint Transverse ligament of knee Lateral meniscus Medial meniscus Anterior cruciate ligament Posterior cruciate ligament Collateral tibial ligament Collateral fibular ligament Patellar ligament Interosseous crural membrane Tibio-fibular joint Talo-crural joint Middle collateral ligament Lateral collateral ligament Subtalaris joint Talo-calcaneo-navicular joint Tarsi transversal joint Bifurcate ligament Calcaneocuboid joint Cuneonavicular joint Intercuneiforme joints Long plantar ligament Tarso-metatarsal joints Intermetatarsal joints Interosseous metatarsal spaces Metatarsal-phalange joints Interphalangeal joints of foot Muscles of back Trapezius muscle Latissimus dorsi muscle Rhomboid major musvle Levator scapulae muscle Inferior posterior serratus muscle Superior posterior serratus muscle Erector spine muscle Muscles of chest Thoracic major muscle Thoracic minor muscle Subclavius muscle Anterior serratus muscle Internal intercostals muscles External intercostals muscles Diaphragm Lumbar part of diaphragm Aortic hiatus Esophageal hiatus Sternal part of diaphragm Costal part of diaphragm Tendinous centre Hiatus of inferior vena cava Sterno-costal trigone Lumbo-costal trigone Abdominal muscles Rectus abdominis muscle Tendinous membrane Sheath of rectus abdominis muscle External oblique abdominal muscle Inguinal ligament Internal oblique abdominal muscle Transverse abdominal muscle White line Umbilical ring Inguinal canal Walls of the inguinal canal Superficial inguinal ring Middle crus Lateral crus Quadrate lumbar muscle Muscles of face Epicranius muscle Frontal belly Occipital belly Aponeurotic galea (epicranius aponeurosis ) Orbicular muscle of eye Zygomatic major muscle Superior levator labii muscle Levator angulis oris muscle Buccinator muscle Depressor angulis oris muscle Inferior depressor labii muscle Orbicular oris muscle Muscles of mastification Temporal muscle Masseter muscle Lateral pterygoid muscle Medial pterygoid muscle Muscles of neck Platysma muscle Sternocleidomastoid muscle Digastric muscle Anterior belly Posterior belly Stylohyoid muscle Mylohyoid muscle Sternohyoid muscle Thyrohyoid muscle Anterior scalene muscle Middle scalene muscle Posterior scalene muscle Posterior cervical region Submandibular trigone Carotid trigone Omotracheal trigone Sternocleidomastoid region Lateral cervical region Omoclavicular trigone Posterior cervical region Muscles of the upper limp Deltoid muscle Supraspinous muscle Infraspinous muscle Teres minor muscle Teres major muscle Subscapular muscle Biceps brachial muscle Long head of biceps brachial muscle Short head of biceps brachial muscle Coracobrachial muscle Brachial muscle Triceps brachial muscle Long head of triceps brachial muscle Short head of triceps brachial muscle Middle head of triceps brachial muscle Flexor carpi radialis muscle Pronator teres muscle Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle Palmaris longus muscle Flexor pollicis longus muscle Flexor digitorum profundus muscle Pronator quadratus muscle Brachioradial muscle Extensor carpi radialis longus muscle Extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle Extensor digitorum muscle Extensor digiti minimi muscle Extensor carpi ulnaris muscle Supinator muscle Abductor pollicis longus muscle Extensor pollicis brevis muscle Extensor pollicis longus muscle Abductor pollicis brevis muscle Flexor pollicis brevis muscle Opponens pollicis muscle Adductor pollicis muscle Abductor digiti minimi muscle Opponens digiti minimi muscle Lumbrical muscles Axillary fossa Walls of the axillary fossa Quadrangular opening Triangular opening Lateral bicipital groove Middle bicipital groove Cubital fossa Retinaculum of flexors muscles Retinaculum of extensors muscles Palmar aponeurosis Carpal canal Muscles of the lower limp Iliopsoas muscle Psoas major muscle Iliacus muscle Gluteal maximus muscle Gluteal medius muscle Gluteal minimus muscle Piriforme muscle Internal obturator muscle Superior gemellus muscle Inferior gemellus muscle Quadrate femoral muscle External obturator muscle Sartorius muscle Quadriceps femoral muscle Straight muscle of thigh Lateral vastus muscle Middle vastus muscle Internmediate vastus muscle Pectineus muscle Gracilis muscle Adductor long muscle Adductor short muscle Adductor magnus muscle Biceps femoral muscle Long head Short head Semitentinous muscle Semimembranous muscle Extensor digitorum longus muscle of foot Anterior tibial muscle Extensor hallucis longus muscle of foot Long fibular muscle Short fibular muscle Triceps sural muscle Soleus muscle Gastrocnemius muscle Flexor digitorum longus muscle of foot Posterior tibial muscle Flexor hallucis longus muscle of foot Extensor digitorum brevis muscle Flexor hallucis brevis muscle Quadrate plantar muscle Flexor digitorum brevis muscle Lumbrical muscles Abductor hallucis muscle Flexor hallucis brevis muscle Adductor hallucis muscle Abductor digiti minimi muscle Flexor digiti minimi brevis muscle Suprapiriforme opening Infrapiriforme opening Muscular lacuna Vascular lacuna Fascia lata (broad ) Ilio-tibial tract Subcutaneous hiatus Falciforme border Crib rate fascia Femoral canal Femoral ring Adducting canal Walls of the adducting canal Adducting hiatus Popliteal fossa Superior retinaculum of extensors muscles Inferior retinaculum of extensors muscles Retinaculum of extensors muscles Superior retinaculum of fibular muscles Inferior retinaculum of fibular muscles Plantar aponeurosis Module 2 “ Splanchnology” Mouth Mouth cavity Vestibule of the mouth Superior lip Inferior lip Angle of mouth Cheek Proper oral cavity Palate Hard palate Soft palate Gums Teeth Crown of teeth Neck of teeth Root of teeth Incisors Canines Premolars tooth Molars tooth Tongue Body of tongue Root of tongue Dorsal part of tongue Border of tongue Apex of tongue Mucous coat of tongue Fungiforme papillae of tongue Filiforme papillae of tongue Foliate pallilae of tongue Foramen cecum of tongue Lingual tonsil Mouth glands Sublingual gland Submandibular gland Parotid gland Parotid duct Isthmus Palatoglossal arch Palatopharyngeal arch Palatine tonsil Tonsils fossa Pharynx Nasal part of pharynx Fornix of pharynx Pharyngeal tonsil Pharyngeal orifice of auditory tube Tubal torus Oral part of pharynx Laryngeal part of pharynx Pharyngeal cavity Mucous coat of pharynx Pharyngeal muscles Esophagus Cervical part 19 Thoracic part Abdominal part Mucous membrane Stomach Anterior wall Posterior wall Greater curvature of stomach Smaller curvature of stomach Cardiac orifice Cardiac part of stomach Fundus of stomach Cardiac notch Body of stomach Pyloric part Pyloric antrum Pyloryc canal Sphincter pyloric muscle Pyloric orifice Mucous membrane of stomach Gastric folds Gastric regions Small intestine Serous membrane of small intestine Mucous membrane of small intestine Circular folds of small intestine Duodenum Superior part of duodenum Descending part of duodenum Great papilla of duodenum Small papilla of duodenum Horizontal part of duodenum Ascending part of duodenum Duodeno- jejunointestinal flexure Jejunum Ilium Large intestine Mucous membrane of large intestine Semilunate folds of colon Haustrum of colon Teniae of colon Mucous membrane of large intestine Omental appendages Cecum Iliac opening Appendix Colon bowel Ascending colon Right flexure of colon bowel Transverse colon Left flexure of colon bowel Descending colon Sigmoid colon Rectum Sacral flexure Ampulla of rectum Anal canal Anal columns Anal sinuses Anal orifice Liver Right lobe of liver Left lobe of liver Diaphragmatic surface Inferior border Visceral surface Fossa for gall bladder Hilus hepatis Groove for vena cava Fissure for venous ligament Teres ligament of the liver Fissure for teres ligament Quadrate particle of the liver Caudate particle of liver Common hepatic duct Right hepatic duct Left hepatic duct Gall bladder Fundus of gall bladder Body of the gall bladder Neck of the gall bladder Vesical duct Common hepatic bile duct Pancreas Head of pancreas Body of pancreas Surfaces of body Borders of body Tail of pancreas Peritoneum Mesentery of small intestine Root of mesentery Mesentery of transverse colon bowel Mesentery of appendix Mesentery of sigmoid colon Omentum major Omentum minor Ligaments of liver Coronoid ligament Falciforme ligament Righr triangular ligament Left triangular ligament Omental bursa Omental opening Hepatic bursa Pregastric bursa Right mesenteric sinus Left mesenteric sinus Left lateral canal Right lateral canal Superior ileocecal recess Inferior ileocecal recess Rectouterine recess Vesicouterine recess Rectovesical recess Median umbilical fold Middle umbilical fold Middle inguinal fossa Lateral umbilical fold Lateral umbilical fossa Nose Root of nose Dorsum of nose Apex of nose Wings of nose Nasal cavity Nostrils Choanae Nasal septum Superior nasal concha Middle nasal concha Inferior nasal concha Vestibule of nose Superior nasal portion Middle nasal portion Inferior nasal portion Common nasal portion Paranasal sinuses Maxillary sinus Sphenoid sinus Frontal sinus Ethmoid cells Mucous membrane Olfactory part Respiratory part Larynx Larynx (on the cadaver) Thyroid cartilage Superior horn of the thyroid cartilage Inferior horn of the thyroid cartilage Cricoid cartilage Cricoid arch Cricoid plate Arytenoid cartilage Base of the arytenoid cartilage Muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage Vocal process of arytenoid cartilage Apex of arytenoids cartilage Epiglottis Crico-arytenoid joint Cricothyroid joint Thyrohyoid membrane Middle cricothyroid ligament Cricotracheal ligament Cavitas larynges Entrance of larynx Vestibule of larynx Laryngeal fold Laryngeal fissure Intermembranous part of vocal fissure Intercartilagenous part of vocal fissure Subglottis cavity Glottis Vocal fold Quadrangular plate Vestibular ligament Muscles of larynx Trachea Cervical part Thoracic part Bifurcation of tracheae Tracheal cartilages Annular ( tracheal ) ligaments Membranous wall Bronchi Right primary bronchus Left primary bronchus Bronchial tree Lungs Right lung Left lung Base of lung Apex of lung Costal surface Vertebral part of costal surface of lung Mediastinal surface Diaphragmatic ( phrenic) surface Interparticle surface Anterior border of lung Lingula of lung Cardiac notch of left lung Inferior border og lung Hilus pulmones Root of lung Oblique fissure of lung Horizontal fissure of right lung Superior lobe of lung ( right, left ) Middle lobe of right lung Inferior lobe of lung ( left, right ) Pleura Parietal ( pulmonary ) pleura Visceral pleura Cupola of pleura Costal part Mediastinal part Diaphragmatic part Pleural cavity Costo-phrenic recess Costo-mediastinal recess Kidney Kidneys ( right, left) Lateral border Medial border Renal hilus ( gate ) Renal sinus Anterior surface Posterior surface Superior end (pole) Inferior end ( pole) Fatty capsule of the kidney Fibrillar capsule of the kidney Cortex of the kidney Medulla of the kidney Renal pyramids Renal papillae Renal columns Renal pelvis Great renal calycle Small renal calycle Ureter ( right, left ) Abdominal part Pelvic part Interamural part Urethra Apex of the urethra Body of the urethra Fundus of the urethra Neck of the urethra Internal orifice of the urethra Mucous membrane Testicle ( testis) Middle surface Lateral surface Superior end ( pole) Inferior end ( pole) Anterior border Posterior border Albuminous membrane Mediastinum of the testis Septula of the testis Particles of the testis Parenchyma of the testis Epidydimis Head of the epidydimis Body of the epidydimis Tail of the epidydimis Spermatic cord Component parts Vas deferens Scrotal part Funicular part Inguinal part Pelvic part Ampulla of the vas deferens Seminal vesicle Prostate gland Base of the prostate gland Apex of the prostate gland Anterior surface Posterior surface Particle ( right, left of prostate gland) Isthmus of prostate gland Penis Root of penis Body of penis Dorsum of penis Glans of penis Cavernous body of penis Spongy body of penis Male urethra Prostatic part Membranous ( intermediate) part Spongy part Internal orifice of urethra External orifice of urethra Scrotum Ovary Free margin Mesentery margin Medial surface Lateral surface Tubal end Uterine end Albuminous membrane Cortex of ovary Medullar matter of ovary Proper ligament of ovary Uterus 20 Anterior surface Posterior surface Body of uterus Fundus of uterus Neck of uterus Supravaginal portion of neck Vaginal portion of neck Cavity of uterus Orifice of uterus Canal of neck of uterus Broad ligament of uterus Round ligament of uterus Uterine tube Uterine portion Isthmus of uterine tube Ampulla of uterine tube Infundibulum of uterine tube Fimbria of uterine tube Uterine orifice of uterine tube Abdominal opening of uterine tube Vagina Fornix of vagina Anterior wall of vagina Posterior wall of vagina External female genital organs Pubic eminence Great pudendal labium Small pudendal labium Vestibule of vagina Orifice of vagina Clitoris Female urethra Perineum Ischiorectal fossa Bulbospongiosus muscle Ischiocavernous muscle Superficial transverse perineal muscle Deep transverse perineal muscle External sphincter ani muscle Thyroid gland Particle of the thyroid gland Isthmus of the thyroid gland Suprarenal gland ( right, left) Hypophysis Pineal body Bony marrow Thymus Spleen Gate of the spleen Palatine tonsils Appendix Module 3 “ The central nervos system and sense organs” Spinal cord Cervical enlargement Lumbosacral enlargement Medullar cone Terminal filament Anterior median groove Postrior median groove Anteriolateral groove Cord ( bundle) of spinal cord Anterior cord Lateral cord Posterior cord Central canal Grey matter Anterior horn Posterior horn White matter Brain ( cerebrum) Сerebral trunk Brainstem Pons Midbrain Brainstem Anterior median groove Pyramid of brainstem Decussation of pyramids Anteriolateral groove Olive Posteriolateral groove Cuneate fascicle Cuneate tubercle Gracilis fascicle Gracilis tubercle Posterior median groove Inferior cerebellar peduncle Pons Basilar groove Middle cerebellar peduncle Superior cerebellar peduncle Superior cerebellar velum Tegmentum of pons ( on the cross section) Basilar part of pons Fourth ventricle Rhomboid fossa Median groove Median eminence of rhomboid fossa Medullar striae of fourth ventricle Trigone of the hypoglossal nerve Trigone of vagus nerve Lateral recess Median eminence of rhomboid fossa Facial tubercle Vestibular fold Tegmen of the fourth ventricle Superior cerebellar velum Inferior cerebellar velum Midbrain Tegmentumof the midbrain Plate of the tegmentum Superior colliculus Inferior colliculus Brachium of the superior collicle Brachium of the inferior collicle Cerebral aqueduct Interpeduncular fossa Posterior perforate substance Cerebral peduncle Tegmen of the midbrain Red nucleus Black substance Basis of cerebral peduncle Cerebellum Hemisphere of the cerebellum Worm of the cerebellum Fissures of the cerebellum Leaves of the cerebellum Flocculus of the cerebellum Tree of life Cortex of the cerebellum Dentate nucleus Inferior cerebellaris peduncle Middle cerebellaris peduncle Superior cerebellaris peduncle Diencephalon Thalamus Anterior tubercle of thalamus Pulvinar of thalamus Medullar of thalamus Epithalamus Habenula Habenular trigone Pineal body Metathalamus Lateral geniculate body Hypothalamus Optic chiasma Optic tract Tuber cinereum Infundibulum Mamillary body Third ventricle Walls Interventricular opening Opening for cerebral aqueduct Cerebral hemisphere Longitudinal fissure of cerebrum Lateral fossa of cerebrum Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Temporal lobe Occipital lobe Insula Superiolateral surface of cerebrum Central groove Lateral groove Frontal lobe Frontal pole Precentral groove Precentral gyrus Superior frontal groove Inferior frontal groove Superior frontal gyrus Middle frontal gyrus Inferior frontal gyrus Ascending branch Anterior branch Tegmental part Triangular part Orbital part Parietal lobe Postcentral groove Postcentral gyrus Upper parietal particle Intraparietal groove Lower parietal particle Angular gyrus Supramarginal gyrus Temporal lobe Superior temporal groove Inferior temporal groove Superior temporal gyrus Middle temporal gyrus Inferior temporal gyrus Transverse temporal gyri Occipital lobe Occipital pole Insula Gyri of insula Medial and inferior surfaces of the cerebral hemisphere Groove of the corpus callosum Groove of cingulus Cingular gyrus Isthmus of the cingulus gyrus Prehippocampal groove Hippocampal gyrus Uncus Dentate groove Olfactory groove Precentral groove Precentral particle Precuneus Parietoooccipital groove Cuneus Calcarine groove Lingual gyrus Collateralgroove Middle occipitotemporal gyrus Occipitotemporal groove Lateral occipito-temporal gyrus Straight gyrus Olfactory groove Orbital grooves Orbital gyri Corpus callosum Rostrum Knee Trunk Splenium Septum pellucidum Fornix Column Body Crus Olfactory bulb Olfactory tract Olfactory trigone Anterior perforate substance Basal nuclei Corpus striatum Caudate nucleus Head Body Tail Lentiform nucleus Putamen Lateral globus pallidus Middle globus pallidus Claustrum Lateral ventricles Central part of the lateral ventricle Walls of the central part Anterior ( frontal horn ) of the lateral ventricle Walls of the anterior horn Posterior (occipital horn ) of the lateral ventricle Walls of the posterior horn Calcar avis Collateral eminence of the lateral ventricle Inferior ( temporal ) horn of the lateral ventricle Walls of the inferior horn Hippocampus Interventricular opening External capsule of telencephalon Internal capsule of telencephalon Anterior crus of internal capsule Genu of internal capsule Posterior crus of internal capsule Dura mater of spinal cord Falx cerebri major Falx cerebelli Tentorium cerebelli Diaphragm of saddle Sinuses of dura mater Superior sagittal sinus Inferior sagittal sinus Straight sinus Occipital sinus Transverse sinus Confluence of sinuses Sigmoid sinus Cavernous sinus Spheno-petrosal sinus Superior petrosal sinus Inferior petrosal sinus Arachnoid membrane of brain Arachnid membrane of spinal cord Pia mater of brain Pia mater of spinal cord Eyeball Fibrous membrane of eyeball Aluminous membrane of eyeball Cornea Vascular membrane of eyeball Proper vascular membrane Ciliary body Iris Pupilla Retina Lens Vitreous body Accessory structures of eyeball External muscles of eyeball Lateral rectus muscle Superior rectus muscle Middle rectus muscle Lateral rectus muscle 21 Superior oblique muscle Inferior oblique muscle Eyebrow Superior eyelid Inferior eyelid Connective membrane ( conjunctiva ) Upper fornix of the connective membrane Lower fornix of the connective membrane Lacrimal gland External ear Auricle Eddy ( helix0 Antihelix Tragus Antitragus Auricular lobule External acoustic meatus External acoustic opening Tympanic membrane Middle ear Tympanic cavity Tegmental wall Jugular wall Labyrinthine wall Mastoid wall Carotid wall Membranous wall Stapes Incus Malleus Auditory tube Internal ear Labyrinths osseous Vestibule Semicircular canals Cochlea Labyrinths membranous Module 4 “Vessels and nerves of the head and neck” Cranial nerves Optic nerve ( II pair ) Oculomotor nerve ( III pair ) Trochlear nerve (IV pair ) Trigeminal nerve (V pair) and its ganglion Ophthalmic (1branch of the V pair) Maxillary (2 branch of the V pair ) Mandibular ( 3 branch of the V pair) Auriculotemporal nerve Lingual nerve Inferior alveolar nerve Abducent nerve ( IV pair) Facial and intermediate nerves ( VII pair) Vestibulocochlear nerve ( VIII pair) Glossopharyngeal nerve ( IX pair) Vagus nerve ( X pair) Laryngeal recurrent nerve Anterior and posterior vagus trunk Accessory nerve ( XII pair) Hypoglossal nerve ( XII pair) Aorta Aortic bulb Ascending aorta Aortic arch Branches of the aortic arch Descending aorta Thoracic aorta Abdominal aorta Brachiocephalic trunk Right common carotid artery Right subclavian artery Common carotid artery (right, left ) External carotid artery Superior thyroid artery Lingual artery Facial artery Occipital artery Posterior auricular artery Ascending pharyngeal artery Superficial temporal artery Maxillary artery Inferior alveolar artery Middle meningeal artery Internal carotid artery Cervical part Petrosal part Cavernous part Cerebral part Ophthalmic artery Anterior cerebral artery Posterior communicating artery Subclavian artery ( right, left ) Vertebral artery Basilar artery Posterior cerebral artery Internal thoracic artery Thyro-cervical trunk Inferior thyroid artery Costo-cervical trunk Transverse cervical artery Arterial circle of brain Internal jugular vein Facial vein Retromandibular vein External jugular vein Anterior jugular vein Superior vena cava Brachiocephalic vein ( right, left ) Thoracic duct Module 5” Vessels and nerves of trunk and limps” Heart Basis of heart Apex of heart Sterno-costal surface of heart Diaphragmatic surface of heart Pulmonary surface (right, left) Coronoid groove Anterior interventricular groove Posterior interventricular groove Aorta (on the heart) Superior vena cava (on the heart ) Inferior vena cava (on the heart ) Pulmonary trunk (on the heart ) Pulmonary artery (right, left ) Right pulmonary veins (on the heart) Left pulmonary veins (on the heart ) Right atrium Right auricle Pectinei muscles Opening of superior vena cava Opening of inferior vena cava Opening of venous sinus Left atrium Left auricle Pectinei muscles Opening of the pulmonary veins Interatrial septum Oval fossa Right ventricle Right atrio-ventricular foramen Right atrio-ventricular valve Anterior cusp Posterior cusp Membranous cusp Conus arteriosus Opening of the pulmonary trunk Valve of the pulmonary trunk Right semilunate valvule Left semilunate valvule Anterior semilunate valvule Anterior papillary muscle Posterior papillary muscle Septal papillary muscle Chordae tendineae Trabeculaea carneae Left ventriculus of the heart Left atrio-ventricular foramen Left atrio-ventricular valvule Anterior cusp Posterior cusp Vestibule of aorta Foramen of aorta Valve of aorta Right semilunate valvule Left semilunate valvule Posterior semilunate valvule Aortic sinuses Anterior papillary muscle Posterior papillary muscle Chordae tendineae Trabeculae carneae Interventricular septum Endocardium Myocardium Pericardium Transverse pericardiac sinus Oblique pericardiac sinus Right coronary artery of the heart Posterior interventricular branch Anterior interventricular branch Collateral branch Magnus cardiac vein Middle cardiac vein Minor cardiac vein Aorta Bulb of aorta Ascending part of aorta Aortic arch descending aorta Bifurcation of aorta Thoracic aorta Posterior intercostal arteries Abdominal aorta Inferior phrenic artery Lumbar arteries Celiac trunk Lefr gastric artery Spleenic artery Left gastro-omental artery Common hepatic artery Gastro-duodenal artery Right gastro-omental artery Superior pancreatico-duodenal artery Right gastric artery Proper hepatic artery Superior mesenteric artery Inferior pancreatico-duodenal artery Jejunal arteries Iliac arteries Ilio-colic artery Right colic artery Middle colic artery Inferior mesenteric artery Left colic artery Sigmoid artery Superior rectal artery Middle suprarenal artery Renal artery Testicular ovarian artery Common iliac artery Internal iliac artery Ilio-lumbar artery Superior gluteal artery Inferior gluteal artery Obturator artery Umbilical artery Uterine artery Internal pudendal artery Inferior vesical artery Middle rectal artery Common iliac vein (right, left) Inferior vena cava Lumbar veins Testicular ovarian vein Renal vein Suprarenal vein Internal iliac vein Portal vein Superior mesenteric vein Inferior mesenteric vein Splenic vein Axillary artery Thoraco-acromial artery Lateral thoracic artery Subscapular artery Thoracodorsal artery Circumflex scapular artery Posterior circumflex humeral artery Anterior circumflex humeral artery Humeral artery Deep humeral artery Superior cubital collateral artery Inferior cubital collateral artery Radial artery Superficial palmar branch Ulnar artery Common interosseous artery Superficial palmar arch Deep palmar arch Common palmar digital arteries Subclavian vein Axillary vein Cephalic vein Basilic vein Humeral veins Cubital veins Radial veins External iliac artery Inferior epigastric artery Femoral artery Superficial epigastric artery Deep femoral artery Middle circumflex femoral artery Lateral circumflex femoral artery Descending genicular artery Popliteal artery Lateral superior genicular artery Medial superior genicular artery Middle genicular artery Anterior tibial artery Dorsal pedis artery Arcuate artery Posterior tibial artery Fibular artery Lateral plantar artery Middle plantar artery External iliac vein Femoral vein Magnus saphenous vein Deep femoral vein Popliteal vein Small saphenous vein Anterior tibial veins Posterior tibial veins Sympathetic trunk Nodes of the sympathetic trunk Interganglionic branches of the sympathetic trunk Major visceral nerve Minor visceral nerve Celiac plexus and nodes Spinal nerves Cervical plexus Cervical ansa Minor occipital nerve Great auricular nerve Cervical transverse nerve Diaphragmatic nerve 22 Humeral plexus Trunci Superior trunk Middle trunk Inferior trunk Supraclavicular part Long thoracic nerve Subclavius nerve Suprascapularis nerve Thoraco-dorsal nerve Middle thoracic nerve Lateral thoracic nerve Infraclavicular part Lateral cord Medial cord Posterior cord Musculocutaneus nerve Median nerve Ulnar nerve Radial nerve Axillary nerve Medial cutaneous brachial nerve Median cutaneous antebrachial nerve Intercostal nerves Lumbar plexus Ilio-hypogastric nerve Ilio-inguinal nerve Genito-femoral nerve Lateral cutaneous femoral nerve Obturator nerve Femoral nerve Sacral plexus Sciatic nerve Common fibular nerve Superficial fibular nerve Deep fibular nerve Tibial nerve Medial plantar nerve Lateral plantar nerve 4. 9. 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