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Ondřej Kaman, Petr Popo Popelka Table of contents Introduction Key words Brain Drugs Ecstasy Marijuana Nicotine Alcohol Summary Introduction We have decided to focus on brain and drug effects on it, because it joins both our interests in biology and psychology. It is also a good thing to know, how drugs work and affect people's behaviour, not only to learn about their bad effects. We think, that it is important to remember, that drugs damage the brain and we should know something about the process itself. Keywords Eufory Euforie Protein Bílkovina Vigilance Bdělost Cellbody Buněčné tělo Salient Výběžek Shock Vzruch Synaptic ganglia Synaptická uzlina Nervous system Nervová soustava Respiratory system Dýchací soustava Brain and Neurons The brain is directive and intergrative organum of the nervous system – it directs and takes control of all body functions Neurons Nerve cells Transfer information within the brain and transmit them into the whole body Impulses and neurotrasmiters transfer the information Structure of Neuron Cell body with nucleus Salients Dendrites - the short ones ○ Get impulses from other neurons Axon - the long one ○ Gives impulses to other neurons ○ Synaptic ganglia Sacs including neurotrasmitters Synapse The free space between synaptic ganglia and dendrite Transfer of information Impulse goes through the whole neuron from dendrite to the synapse When the impulse reaches the sacs, the neurotransmitters are released into the synapse Neurotransmitters sweep across the synapse and bind to the receptors on dendrite The return of the neurotransmitters 1) REUPTAKE PROTEINS The neurotrasmitters go back to the synaptic ganglia and are reabsorbed thanks to the reuptake proteins 2) MAO PROTEINS The neurotrasmitters are absorbed by MAO proteins In the sacs are generated new neurotransmitters Neurotransmitters Adrenalin (heartbeating, alertness) Dopamin (hapinnes, satisfaction) Serotonin (memory, taste, body temperature) GABA (silences other neurotransmitters) Substance P (pain) Endorfin (pain suppresion) Acetylcholin (communication between brain and muscles) Anandamid (coordination) Ecstasy Increases serotonin, adrenalin Blocks reuptake protein Consequences: euphoric feelings Increase body temperature (overheating) Depressions Keeps people awake Marijuana THC - the psychoactive substance Anandamid, GABA - Dopamin THC x anandamid THC imitates anandamid Marijuana THC x dopamine THC cant affect dopamine by itself Feelings of eufory, well-being, pleasant GABA reduces the dopamine release THC reduces the GABA release Nicotin Nicotin imitates Acetylcholin Nicotin stimulates acetylcholin receptors on dopamin neurons → release dopamin Increases release of adrenalin glucose is released into the bloodstream Nicotin consequences: Euphoric feelings Affects: intestinal activity, reducing pupil Increases: blood pressure, faster heart rate, breathing rate. Nicotine increases the ability to concentrate Alcohol affects dopamine, serotonin, endorphin, GABA and glutamate Alcohol x GABA When alcohol is binded on GABA receptor at same time → GABA receptor is held for longer → more inhibitory signals alcohol causes, that GABA binds more frequently → increases the inhibitory effect of GABA , more impulses Alcohol Alcohol Alcohol x glutamate when alcohol is binded to glutamate receptor → changes the shape of receptor and glutamate can not bind here anymore consequences: worsens motor function increases appetite reduces the rate of reaction alleviates pain Euphoric feelings Summary Drugs influence the brain in a lot of ways, but they almost always use chemical substances that our brain uses every day to attach normal body functions. The drugs' influence are negative, they bring false feelings, slow down reactions and limit some brain functions. Drugs also very often damage the brain in the long term. Depression and similar negative mental conditions can stay for a long time after stop using a drugs.