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Chapter 11
Sustaining Biodiversity: The Species Approach
1.
What’s the difference between local, ecological, and biological extinction?
2.
Explain the difference between an endangered species and a threatened species.
3.
List nine characteristics that make species extinction prone (see Figure11-4 on p. 225).
4.
What are three reasons biologist have problems cataloging extinctions?
5.
Fill in the blanks:
a.
One of every ___ mammals species is at risk of extinction.
b.
One of every ___plant species is at risk of extinction.
c.
One of every ___bird species is at risk of extinction.
d.
According to a 2006 World Wildlife Fund study, safeguarding ___ sites around the world that house endangered
species would help stem the global extinction threat.
e.
Species-area relationship suggests that on average a ___%loss of habitat causes the extinction of about ___% of the
species in this habitat.
6.
Explain the theory of island biogeography (mentioned on p. 225 and in the Case Study on p. 146).
7.
Explain how scientists know that extinction rates are increasing.
8.
What are three reasons most biologists consider extinction rates of 0.01-1% go be conservative estimates?
9.
What is a hot spots?
10. Describe the economic, medical, scientific, ecological, and aesthetic, recreational, and ethical significance of wild species.
a. Economic:
b.
Medical:
c.
Scientific:
d.
Ecological:
e.
Aesthetic:
f.
Recreational:
g.
Ethical or Intrinsic:
11. What does instrumental value mean? Which of the above are considered to be instrumental?
12. See box on p. 227. Why are bats vulnerable to extinction?
a.
Why are bats important?
13. Explain what each letter in the acronym “HIPPO” means.
14. Of the reasons for extinction described in “HIPPO” which is responsible for most extinctions?
15. Define habitat fragmentation.
16. Why are Indonesian tropical forests being cleared?
17. What are the two reasons for loss of seabirds and other water fowl?
18. What is killing migrating birds?
19. What is the number one cause of avian mortality in the U.S.?
20. How is climate change affecting birds?
21. What are the three reasons birds make excellent environmental indicators?
22. How are birds important economically and ecologically?
23. Which grains supply more than 98% of the U.S. food supplies?
24. Are all nonnative species considered invasive?
25. Why are invasive species such a problem?
26. Explain the problem with kudzu, feral boars, and outdoor pet/feral cats.
27. Explain how nonnative species are introduced to an area.
28. How did widespread pesticide spraying actually make the Argentine fire ant population stronger?
29. Explain at least four ways we can limit the introduction of nonnative species into ecosystems.
30. What characteristics to successful invader species possess?
31. What two factors have greatly expanded the human ecological footprint?
32. What is the difference between bioaccumulation and biomagnifications? Explain in relation to DDT.
33. How has overexploitation endangered species?
34. Why is the black-footed ferret endangered?
35. How are collecting exotic pets and plants leading to endangered species and extinctions? Be sure to include specific examples.
36. What is bush meat?
37. Explain CITES (be sure to define the acronym). What is its purpose and what are its short-comings?
38. What is the purpose of the 1973 U.S. Endangered Species Act?
39. How are animals identified for inclusion as threatened or endangered?
40. What are the ‘hot spots’ for species diversity in the U.S.?
41. Which species have successful recovered from being threatened or endangered?
42. What are the weakness of the ESA? (Also read box on p. 243)
43. What is a habitat conservation plan?
44. What is a safe harbor agreement?
45. List four strategies that have been used recently to weaken the Endangered Species Act.
46. List three recommendations for strengthening the Endangered Species Act.
47. State three guidelines that conservation biologists would use to set determine "priority species."
48. Assess the advantages and disadvantages of using wildlife refuges, gene banks, botanical gardens, and zoos to protect wildlife.
49. What is reconciliation ecology? Explain how it might help save species and some of its short-comings.
50. What can YOU do to protect species?
Key Terms (Terms are listed in the same font styles as they appear in the text.)
arboretums (p. 244)
behavioral characteristics (p. 223)
biological extinction (p. 223)
Habitat island (p. 230)
biotic pollution (p. 233)
botanical gardens (p. 244)
butterfly farms (p. 244)
captive breeding (p. 244)
instrumental value (p. 227)
intrinsic (existence) value (p. 228)
kudzu vine (p. 233)
local extinction (p. 223)
microorganisms (p. 229)
outdoor pet cats (p. 235)
Precautionary approach (p. 236)
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) (p. 241)
Convention on International Trade in Endangered
Species (CITES) (p. 240)
ecological extinction (p. 223)
ecosystem approach (p. 242)
ecotourism (p. 228)
egg pulling (p. 244)
endangered species (p. 223)
Endangered Species Act of 1973 (p. 240)
Endemic species (p. 229)
environmental indicators (p. 232)
feral cats (p. 235)
gene (seed) banks (p. 244)
habitat conservation plans (HCPs) (p. 241)
Habitat fragmentation (p. 230)
HIPPO (p. 229)
hot spots (p. 226)
reconciliation ecology (p. 245)
red lists (p. 225)
safe harbor agreements (p. 241)
speciation crisis (p. 227)
Species (CITES) (p. 240)
species-area relationship (p. 225)
theory of island biogeography (p. 225)
threatened (vulnerable) species (p. 223)
voluntary candidate conservation
agreements (p. 242)
wild (feral) boars (p. 235)