Download APES-Chapter-12-Notes-on-Biodiversity

Chapter 12: Sustaining Biodiversity: The Species Approach
In the US, ___% of species are secure or apparently secure; ___% are vulnerable; ___% are imperiled, ___% are
critically imperiled, and ___% are probably extinct
What Increases Biodiversity?
Physically __________ habitat
_____________ environmental ____________
Small ____________ in conditions
___________ stages of ecological _________________.
What Decreases Biodiversity?
Environmental _______________
____________ environmental ________________
____________ environmental conditions
Introduction of ______________ species
_____________ isolation
Strategies for Protecting Species
1. Species Approach
Goal:
2. Ecosystem Approach
Strategies:
Tactics:
Species Extinction
Local Extinction: when a species is no longer found in the _______ that it once _______ (but is still found elsewhere in
the world)
Ecological Extinction: so few __________ of a ____________ are left that it can’t play its _________ role.
Biological Extinction: __________ is not found anywhere on earth (_____________)
Endangered Species:
Threatened Species:
Extinction Risks
Low ___________ rate (__-strategists); example:
Specialized _______; example:
________ distribution; example:
Feeds at ______ trophic level; example:
Rare; example:
___________ valuable; example:
How Do We Estimate Extinction Risks?
1. Population viability analysis (PVA):
PVA is based on: _________ needs, current and predicted _________ conditions, _________ variability,
__________ with other species, ____________ rates
2. Minimun viable population (MVP):
3. Minimum dynamic area (MDA):
Humans value nature in different ways
Instrumental Value:
Intrinsic Value:
Utilitarian (use):
Nonutilitarian (nonuse):
Causes of Depletion of Wild Species: human ___________ growth, failure to __________ the environment,
____________ resource use per capita, and ____________-.
Characteristic of Successful Invader Species
High ____ rate
_______ species
______ lived
High ________ rate
Generalists
______ genetic variability
Characteristics of Vulnerable Ecosystems
Similar ____ to invader’s habitat
Absence of ________
______ successional species
Low _____ of native species
Absence of ______
_________ by human activities
What Can Be Done to Reduce Threat from Nonnative Species?
Identify _____ that make species successful _______ and use this information to screen out invaders
_________ inspections of _______ coming intoa country
Pass ______ to ban the __________ of harmful __________ species
Protecting Wild Species
1. Bioinformatics:
Involves: 1. building ________ tools to analyze information; 2. ________ computer tools to ______ the information;
3. ___________ the information.
Example: Species 2000-global ___________ project with the goal of providing __________ about all species on
earth
2. International Treaties: Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES)
Signed by _____ countries
List _____ species that cannot be ___________
3. National Laws
Lacey Act of 1900:
Endangered Species Act of 1973:
4. Habitat Conservation Plans: compromise between __________ and endangered species
Possible steps:
Other Approaches to Protecting Wild Species
Wildlife _______ and ________ areas
_______ banks (storing __________), _______ gardens (_______ of rare and endangered plants), _____ (raise for
commercial sale), ______ and aquariums
Wildlife Management
Laws regulating ________ and ________
Harvest _________
Population _____________ plans
Improving ____________
Laws for _____________ species