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Autotrophic & Heterotrophic
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Obtaining & processing materials needed for
energy, growth, repair, and regulation
2 types:
Autotrophic- makes own food
 Heterotrophic- takes in preformed organic
compounds
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Ability of most plants and some monerans and
protists (algae) to manufacture organic
compounds from inorganic raw materials.
Photosynthesis- capturing and transforming
energy from the sun into chemical energy.
Light energy
(sun)
Glucose
(Chemical energy in bonds)
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Is a source of chemical energy (glucose) when
living things eat the photosynthetic plants!
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Provides oxygen for all living things!
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Chlorophyll absorbs red
and blue and reflects green
(that’s why we see the
green in plants).
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“Plants are Patriotic.”
Each particle of light (that
makes up the waves) is
called a photon.
The shorter the
wavelength, the more
energy the photons have.
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Photosynthetic cells contain chloroplasts
Chloroplasts contain pigments such as
chlorophyll
Pigments can be separated into component
colors using chromatography
Pigments are what absorb the light
Light travels in waves, each color of light has a
different wavelength (white light is composed
of ROYGBIV!)
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Inorganic
Light Energy
Reactants
Organic
Chemical Energy
Products
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Scar tissue forms below the leaf; prevents water
and nutrients from entering the leaf. Without
water and nutrients, the plant can’t produce
chlorophyll, so we’re left with all the other
colors in the leaf.
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Stroma= dense area
surrounding grana, dark
reaction occurs here
(carbon fixation)
Grana= stacks of parallel
membranes called
thylakoids (aka lamellae)
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Contain chlorophyll and
enzymes
Light reaction occurs here
(photochemical)
Light- photochemical (occurs in grana)
1.
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Requires light (taken in by chlorophyll)
Water is ‘split” by the light energy (photolysis)
2 Water light
4 H atoms + Oxygen gas (released)
2. NADPH2 is formed (a higher energy product
used to power the rest of photosynthesis in dark
reactions)
NADP + H2
NADPH2
(a hydrogen
receptor)
(from water)
(carried to stroma)
NADP= nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
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Energy (ATP) is also formed to power the dark
reactions.
ADP + P
ATP
2
+ 1
=
3
NADPH2 & ATP go on to the dark
reactions…….
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“Carbon fixation”= CO2 is “fixed” into glucose
Occurs in stroma
H2 from photolysis combines with CO2 from
environment
Calvin Cycle: series of reactions when glucose
is made
CO2 + NADPH2 + ATP
2PGAL
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PGAL (3-C sugar)
1 glucose (C6H12O6, 6-C sugar)
Carbon-14 (radioactive) has been used to trace
these reactions.
PGAL= phosphoglyceraldehyde
Can also occur in the presence of light
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Oxygen used for respiration
Glucose can be:
Used for energy
 Made into other compounds
 Stored as complex carbohydrates (D.S) such as
glycogen and starch

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Temperature (above 35˚C, denaturation
occurs)
Light Intensity- if too high, stomates close to
prevent water loss and no CO2 gets in
CO2 level- an increase in CO2 increases the rate
Water- an increase in water increases the rate
Light availability- green=least effective, red
and blue= most effective
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Chemosynthesis- production of glucose using
CO2 instead of light (deep ocean)
Some plants are also heterotrophic, ex: venus
fly trap, pitcher plant, mistletoe (parasite)
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Upper Epidermis- secretes cuticle
(waxy layer)
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Protects from water loss, damage
Pallisades Layer- most photosynthesis
occurs here
Spongy Layer- air spaces, gas
exchange, some photosynthesis
Mesophyll
(middle
layer)
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Unicellular Algae
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Photosynthetic Bacteria
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Raw materials are absorbed directly into cells by
diffusion
Cells have chloroplasts
Found in oceans, lakes, ponds (near surface)
Use hydrogen sulfide instead of water
Produce sulfur odor
Terrestrial (land) Plants
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Have specialized structures for photosynthesis:
LEAF= large surface area for light absorption
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Veins (Fibrovascular bundle)
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Transport materials through leaf
Xylem transports water
Phloem transports food/glucose
Lower epidermis- contains guard
cells which regulate the opening
and closing of stomates (openings
for passage of gases and water)
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When filled with water= open
When loses water= closed
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Life Function= Regulation!!!
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Stomates
Venus Fly Trap
Controls water and gases enter and exit in the leaf
Photosynthesis
Uses CO2, H2O
Makes O2, glucose
Occurs in Autotrophs
Respiration
Uses O2, glucose
Makes CO2, H2O
Occurs in plants and animals
24/7
These are OPPOSITE processes……
Photosynthesis (light!)
6CO2 + 12H2O
C6H12O6 + 6H2O +
Respiration, 36 ATP out!
6O2
Function
Location
Reactants
Products
Photosynthesis
Energy Storage
(in glucose/
starch)
Chloroplasts
CO2 + H2O
C6H12O6 + O2 +
H2O
Respiration
Energy Release
Mitochondria
C6H12O6 + O2 +
H2O
CO2 + H2O
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Organisms obtain preformed organic
compounds from environment (refer to
ingestion, digestion, and egestion in Ch. 1)
“You are what you eat!”
Your body grows rapidly, the food you eat
provides the material your body needs to build
cells, tissues, and organs….the atoms in food
will take their place in the new cells you are
building (assimilation)
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Even if you have stopped growing, your body
is in constant need of repair.
The essential molecules in food are called
nutrients
A lack of nutrients may cause disease
(disruption of homeostasis).
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Carbohydrates
energy sources; can be broken down to
Lipids
produce ATP, must be broken down to enter
Proteins- must be broken down to enter cells (growth & repair)
Vitamins
small enough to be absorbed by cells without being
Minerals
broken down
Water
Roughage- materials body cannot digest; mostly complex carbs
(cellulose, fiber, fruits & veggies); serves to push food through large
intestine (egestion)
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Catabolism- breakdown reactions
Anabolism- build up reactions
Organic- C-H bonds
Inorganic- no C-H bonds
Intracellular- within/inside cell
Intercellular- between cells
Extracellular- outside cells
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Mechanical- food is broken into smaller pieces
by cutting, grinding, or tearing
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No chemical changes occur
Increase surface area exposed for chemical digestion
Occurs in mouth and stomach
Chemical- “hydrolysis”
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Large molecules are changed chemically to smaller
molecules
 Complex carbs (disaccharides/polysaccharides) broken
down to simple sugars (monosaccharides)
 Lipids broken down to 3 fatty acids and glycerol
 Protein broken down to amino acids
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Continuous 1 way tract with
accessory organs
AKA alimentary canal
Food moves through the
system by peristalsis (wavelike muscular contractions)Peristalsis Video
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What is reverse
peristalsis?????
A trip through your digestive
tract- length of trip:
approximately 18-20 hours.
Oral Cavity (mouth) (1 min)
1.
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Ingestion occurs
Contains teeth and tongue for mechanical digestion
Salivary glands produce saliva which contains amylase (aka
ptyalin) that digests starch during chemical digestion
Pharynx (throat)
2.
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Passageway from mouth to esophagus
Esophagus (1 min)
3.
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Food tube; connects throat to stomach
No digestion here
Swallowing initiates peristalsis
Epiglottis- flap over trachea (wind
pipe) which closes when you swallow,
prevents choking, inhalation of
food/fluids
Cardiac Sphincter- muscle that controls the
opening from esophagus to stomach
(“heartburn”)
Stomach- thick walled muscular organ
4.
5.
Mechanical digestion occurs when folds of the stomach
(rugae) grind food.
Chemical digestion occurs here:
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Lining secretes gastric juice (HCl and pepsin)
Proteins begin digestion here (protease)
Pyloric glands secrete mucus so stomach doesn’t digest
itself!
Chyme- the soupy liquid formed from digestion of solids
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Caffeine and alcohol can increase HCl
production
Ulcer- when the mucus layer breaks down,
causing sores caused by bacteria (Helicobacter
pylori), stress, diet; may bleed
Digestion in the stomach occurs for 2-6 hours
for solid foods.
Pyloric Sphincter- muscle controlling opening
from stomach to intestines
Small Intestine- “small” refers to diameter, not
length
6.
7.
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6.5m long, 2.5cm in diameter
3 sections: duodenum, jejunum, and ilium
Partially digested food from stomach goes to the
small intestine
Most digestion occurs here (not stomach)
All digestion is completed here
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Intestinal Enzymes- maltase, protease, lipase
Pancreatic Enzymes- protease, amylase, lipase
(dumped into small intestine)
Liver produces bile (stored in gall bladder)
which emulsifies fats
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Fat globules are broken down to smaller fat globules
through mechanical digestion to increase surface
area for chemical digestion
Gall stones: hard cholesterol deposits
accumulated in gall bladder
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Absorption of nutrients occurs in
the small intestine!!!
Lined with villi (fingerlike
projections that increase surface
area for absorption)
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Capillaries absorb glucose, amino
acids
Lacteals absorb: lipid end products
(fatty acid, glycerol)- part of
lymphatic system
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Fate of Fat
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Once absorbed by the small intestine, the body
can use these nutrients for:
Energy
 Synthesis
 Assimilation
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It takes approximately 12 hours for food to
travel through the small intestine!
8. Large Intestine (colon)
 3 sections: ascending, transverse, descending
 1.5m long, 6cm diameter
 Water absorbed from waste (too much absorbed=
constipation, too little absorbed=diarrhea)
 Undigested food forced out through anus by
peristalsis, these wastes are called feces
 It takes 3-4 hours for food to pass through the large
intestine.
 FYI: The appendix= small pouch where large and
small intestine join- has NO FUNCTION!
Nutrient
Digestions Begins
Digestion Ends
Carbohydrates
Mouth
Small Intestine
Protein
Stomach
Small Intestine
Lipids
Small Intestine
Small Intestine
Inside
Eddie
Johnson
Mode of Disruption
Malfunction
Description
Inheritance
Lactose intolerance Inability to digest diary products
(lactose) b/c you lack the enzyme
lactase; results in intestinal distress
(diarrhea, can take lactaid)
Toxic Substances
Food poisoning:
caused by bacteria
such as E. coli &
salmonella
Toxins released by bacteria cause
intestinal distress & kidney disease
Poor Nutrition
Deficiency
diseases: scurvy,
rickets, & goiter
Lack of a vitamin or mineral in
diet. Results in poor general
health- need to supplement diet.
Mode of Disruption Malfunction
Description
Organ Function
Gall Stones
Constipation/
Diarrhea
-Accumulation of hardened
cholesterol, results in disruption of
bile secretion
-Too little or too much water in diet
Personal Behavior
Eating Disorders: - Robs your body of essential
-anorexia
nutrients, leads to poor general
-bulemia
health, ulcers, and death
Infectious Disease
Tapeworm
-Worm grows in intestinal tract
(contracted when -Robs your body of nutrients
we ingest larva in -Leads to deficiency diseases
uncooked or
undercooked
meat- if the
animal had
tapeworm)