Download Life: The Science of Biology, 10e

Lecture Notebook
to accompany
Sinauer Associates, Inc.
MacMillan
Copyright © 2014 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Cover photograph © Alex Mustard/naturepl.com.
This document may not be modified or distributed (either electronically or on paper) without the permission of the publisher, with
the following exception: Individual users may enter their own notes into this document and may print it for their own personal use.
00
41
Hormones travel in the bloodstream and bind to receptors
on distant target cells.
(A)
Animal Hormones
Hormone
receptor
Target cell
Circulatory vessel
(e.g., a blood vessel)
Hormone-secreting
cell
Non-target cell
(hormone cannot
bind)
(B)
Autocrine signals bind to
receptors on the same
cell that secretes them.
Paracrine signals bind to
receptors on nearby cells.
Receptor
Secreting cell
Target cell
Not a target cell
(no receptors)
41.1 Chemical Signaling Systems (Page 835)
To add your own notes to any page, use Adobe Reader’s Typewriter feature, accessible via the Typewriter bar at the top of the window.
(Requires Adobe Reader 8 or later. Adobe Reader can be downloaded free of charge from the Adobe website: http://get.adobe.com/reader.)
2LIFE The Science of Biology
Sinauer Associates
Morales Studio
10E Sadava
© 2014 Sinauer Associates, Inc.
Chapter 41 | Animal Hormones
(A) Protein hormones
3
(B) Steroid hormones
H2
C
H2C
CH
C
H2
Sterol backbone
HO
H2
C
Cholesterol
Corticosteroids
O
Insulin
Growth hormone
HC
HO
Sex steroids
OH
CH2OH
C
O
O
Testosterone
O
OH
Aldosterone
CH2OH
C
HO
O
HO
OH
O
Estrogen
Cortisol
(C) Amine hormones
HO
H
H
C
C
H
COO–
NH3+
Tyrosine
HO
HO
H
H
C
C
OH H
Epinephrine
N
I
H
CH
3
HO
I
O
I
I
Thyroxine
H
H
C
C
H
C
O
N
H
H
OH
41.2 Three Classes of Hormones (Page 836)
LIFE The Science of Biology 10E Sadava
Sinauer Associates
Morales Studio
Figure 41.02 Date 06-21-12
© 2014 Sinauer Associates, Inc.
Chapter 41 | Animal Hormones
1 The brain detects danger
and signals the leg
muscles to jump back…
4
2 …and signals the adrenal
glands to release
epinephrine into the
blood, triggering a number
of effects.
The liver breaks
down glycogen
to supply glucose
(fuel) to the blood.
The heart beats
faster and stronger.
Blood pressure rises.
Adrenal gland
Blood vessels to the
gut and skin constrict,
shunting more blood
to the muscles.
Fat cells release
fatty acids (fuel)
to the blood.
41.3 The Fight-or-Flight Response (Page 837)
LIFE The Science of Biology 10E Sadava
Sinauer Associates
Morales Studio
Figure 41.3 Date 06-19-12
© 2014 Sinauer Associates, Inc.
Chapter 41 | Animal Hormones
5
The structure of
prolactin is similar in
all vertebrate groups.
Fish
Required for osmoregulation in freshwater
species. In saltwater species that return to
fresh water to spawn (e.g., salmon), prolactin
production in adults may play a role in
generating the drive to return to natal streams.
Amphibians
In some species, creates a “water drive” that
returns adults to breeding locations. Stimulates
oviduct development and production of egg jelly
in females. In some species, controls
development of sexual characteristics.
Birds
In some species, stimulates nesting activity,
incubation behavior, and parental care in both
sexes. Stimulates the epithelial cells of the
upper GI tract to proliferate and slough off to
form “crop milk” to nourish the young.
Mammals
In females, stimulates growth of the mammary
glands and milk production. In humans, it is
responsible for the sensation of sexual
gratification as well as the male refractory
period following sexual intercourse.
41.4 Prolactin’s Structure Is Conserved, but Its Functions Have Evolved (Page 838)
LIFE The Science of Biology 9E Sadava
Sinauer Associates
Morales Studio
Figure 41.04 Date 06-21-12
© 2014 Sinauer Associates, Inc.
Chapter 41 | Animal Hormones
6
INVESTIGATINGLIFE
41.5 Muscle Cells Can Produce a Hormone
HYPOTHESIS Exercised muscle cells produce a hormone that
stimulates browning of fat cells.
Method 1. Two types of muscle cell cultures were prepared. One
culture received a treatment that mimicked the effects
of exercise on muscle cells.
2. A
fter culture, the muscle cells were removed and their
used media (the culture fluid) was added to cultures of
developing fat cells.
Muscle
cells
Control
“Exercised”
Fat cells
Results
Fat cells treated with
media from control
muscle cells retained
the characteristics of
white fat cells.
Fat cells treated
with media from
“exercised” cells
developed properties of brown fat.
CONCLUSION A substance secreted by exercised muscle
cells stimulates “browning” of cultured fat.
Go to BioPortal for discussion and relevant links for all
INVESTIGATINGLIFE figures.
(Page 839)
LIFE The Science of Biology 10E Sadava
Sinauer Associates
Morales Studio
Figure 41.07 Date 06-21-12
© 2014 Sinauer Associates, Inc.
Chapter 41 | Animal Hormones
7
INVESTIGATINGLIFE
41.6 A Diffusible Substance Triggers Molting
HYPOTHESIS The substance that controls molting in
R. prolixus is produced in the head segment and diffuses
slowly through the body.
Observation
R. prolixus can
survive for up to
a year after its
head segment
is removed.
Juvenile bug (third instar)
Decapitation 1 hour
after blood meal
Decapitation 1 week
after blood meal
Molts into
an adult
Does not molt
(remains a juvenile)
Method
1. Decapitate third-instar juveniles
at different times after blood meal.
1 hour after blood meal
1 week after blood meal
2. Join bugs
with glass tube
Tubing allows
body fluids to
pass from one
bug to another
Results
Both bugs molt into adults
CONCLUSION A blood meal stimulates production of some
substance within the insect’s head that then diffuses slowly
through the body, triggering a molt.
Go to BioPortal for discussion and relevant links for all
INVESTIGATINGLIFE figures.
(Page 840)
LIFE The Science of Biology 10E Sadava
Sinauer Associates
Morales Studio
Figure 41.05 Date 06/18/12
© 2014 Sinauer Associates, Inc.
Chapter 41 | Animal Hormones
8
Endocrine cells in the
brain produce PTTH,
which is transported to
the corpus cardiacum,
where it is released.
Brain
Corpus
allatum
Corpus
cardiacum
Prothoracic
gland
The corpus allatum
produces juvenile
hormone (blue) in
declining amounts.
PTTH stimulates
the prothoracic
gland to secrete
ecdysone (red).
First-instar
larva
Molt
Each release
of ecdysone
stimulates a
molt.
Second-instar
larva
Molt
Third-instar
larva
Molt
Fourth-instar
larva
Molt
Fifth-instar
larva
Cocoon
Pupation
Pupa
When juvenile
hormone reaches
a low level, the
larva spins a
cocoon and molts
into a pupa.
Metamorphosis
Adult
The pupa does not
produce juvenile
hormone, so it
metamorphoses
into an adult.
41.7 Hormonal Control of Metamorphosis (Page 841)
LIFE The Science of Biology 10E Sadava
Sinauer Associates
Morales Studio
Figure 41.06 Date 06-21-12
© 2014 Sinauer Associates, Inc.
Chapter 41 | Animal Hormones
Pineal gland
Melatonin: regulates biological rhythms
Thyroid gland (see Figures 41.12 and 41.14)
Thyroxine (T3 and T4 ): increases cell
metabolism; essential for growth and neural
development
Calcitonin: stimulates incorporation of
calcium into bone
Parathyroid glands (on posterior surface
of thyroid; see Figure 41.14)
Parathyroid hormone (PTH): stimulates release
of calcium from bone and absorption of
calcium by gut and kidney
Adrenal gland (see Figure 41.15)
Cortex
Cortisol: mediates metabolic responses to
stress
Aldosterone: involved in salt and water balance
Sex steroids
Medulla
Epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine
(noradrenaline): stimulate immediate fight-orflight reactions
Gonads (see Chapter 43)
Testes (male)
Testosterone: development
and maintenance of male sexual
characteristics
Ovaries (female)
Estrogens: development and
maintenance of female sexual
characteristics
Progesterone: supports pregnancy
Other organs include cells that
produce and secrete hormones
Organ
Adipose tissue
Heart
Kidney
Stomach
Intestine
Liver
9
Hypothalamus (see Figure 41.9)
Release and release-inhibiting neurohormones control the anterior pituitary;
ADH and oxytocin are transported to and
released from the posterior pituitary
Anterior pituitary (see Figure 41.10)
Thyrotropin (TSH): activates the thyroid gland
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): in females,
stimulates maturation of ovarian follicles; in
males, stimulates spermatogenesis
Luteinizing hormone (LH): in females, triggers
ovulation and ovarian production of estrogens
and progesterone; in males, stimulates
production of testosterone
Corticotropin (ACTH): stimulates adrenal
cortex to secrete cortisol
Growth hormone (GH): stimulates protein
synthesis and growth
Prolactin: stimulates milk production
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH):
stimulates production of the pigment melanin
Endorphins and enkephalins: pain control
Posterior pituitary (see Figure 41.9)
Receives and releases two hypothalamic
hormones:
Oxytocin: stimulates contraction of uterus,
flow of milk, interindividual bonding
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH; also known as
vasopressin): promotes water
conservation by kidneys
Thymus (diminishes in adults)
Thymosin: activates immune system T cells
Pancreas (islets of Langerhans)
Insulin: stimulates cells to take up and use
glucose
Glucagon: stimulates liver to release glucose
Somatostatin: slows release of insulin and
glucagon and digestive tract functions
Hormone
Leptin
Atrial natriuretic peptide
Erythropoietin
Gastrin, ghrelin
Secretin, cholecystokinin
Somatomedins,
insulin-like growth factors
41.8 The Endocrine System of Humans (Page 842)
LIFE The Science of Biology 10E Sadava
Sinauer Associates
Morales Studio
Figure 41.08 Date 06-21-12 JOANNE and EM
© 2014 Sinauer Associates, Inc.
Chapter 41 | Animal Hormones
10
(A)
Hypothalamus
The human pituitary
gland is the size of a
blueberry, yet it secretes
many hormones.
1 Hypothalamic neurons
produce antidiuretic
hormone and oxytocin
and transport them to
the posterior pituitary.
(B)
Hypothalamus
Axons of
hypothalamic
neurons
Inflowing
blood
Stalk of
pituitary
Capillaries
Anterior
pituitary
Posterior
pituitary
2 The neurohor-
mones are
released in the
posterior pituitary
and diffuse into
capillaries...
3 ...then leave the posterior
pituitary via the blood.
41.9 The Posterior Pituitary Releases Neurohormones (Page 843)
LIFE The Science of Biology 10E Sadava
Sinauer Associates
Morales Studio
Figure 41.09 Date 06-21-12
© 2014 Sinauer Associates, Inc.
Chapter 41 | Animal Hormones
Hypothalamus
11
Hypothalamic neurons
Axon terminals of
hypothalamic neurons
release neurohormones
near capillaries that give
rise to portal vessels.
Inflowing
blood
Anterior
pituitary
Portal
blood
vessels
Neurohormones from portal
vessels stimulate or inhibit
the release of hormones
from anterior pituitary cells.
Posterior
pituitary
Anterior pituitary hormones
leave the gland via the blood.
41.10 The Anterior Pituitary Is Controlled by the Hypothalamus (Page 844)
External or internal
conditions
or
= Stimulation
= Inhibition
Hypothalamus
Releasing
hormone
“Long loop”
negative
feedback
LIFE The Science of Biology 10E Sadava
Sinauer Associates
Morales Studio
Figure 41.10 Date 06-21-12
“Short loop”
negative
feedback
Anterior
pituitary
Tropic hormone
Endocrine
gland
Hormone
41.11 Multiple Feedback Loops Control Hormone Secretion (Page 845)
© 2014 Sinauer Associates, Inc.
Chapter 41 | Animal Hormones
I
HO
12
I
O
I
CH2
CH
C
NH2
O
I
OH
I
In-Text Art (Page 845)
I
HO
HO
I
O
CH2
I
I
I
I
CH
C
NH2
O
CH
C
NH2
O
OH
I
CH2
O
I
CH
C
NH2
O
OH
HO
CH2
O
I
OH
In-Text Art (Page 845)
(A)
Follicle
LIFE The Science of Biology 10E Sadava
Follicle lumen
Sinauer Associates
Morales Studio
Figure 41.UN1 Date 06-21-12
Epithelial cells
of follicles
LIFE The Science of Biology 10E Sadava
Sinauer Associates
Morales Studio
Figure 41.UN1 Date 06-21-12
Calcitoninproducing cells
(B)
Follicle lumen
Iodinated
thyroglobulin
3 Thyroglobulin is secreted
into the follicle lumen
and iodinated.
4 Thyroglobulin is taken
up by endocytosis.
Epithelial
cell
2 The cell synthesizes
Endosome
Lysosome
thyroglobulin from
tyrosine.
Tyrosine
molecules
5 Lysosomal enzymes
digest thyroglobulin
into T3 and T4…
1 An epithelial cell takes up
iodide from the blood.
T4
Capillary
Iodide
T3
6 …which are secreted
into the blood.
41.12 The Thyroid Gland Consists of Many Follicles (Page 846)
© 2014 Sinauer Associates, Inc.
Chapter 41 | Animal Hormones
13
41.13 A Hypothyroid Goiter (Page 846)
IMBALANCE
Ca2+ concentration high
(>11 mg/100 ml blood)
Thyroid
cartilage
Ca2+ concentration low
(<9 mg/100 ml blood)
Thyroid gland
(front view)
Parathyroid glands
(rear view of thyroid)
Thyroid secretes
calcitonin
Calciferol
(vitamin D)
Parathyroids
secrete PTH
Cacitriol
Calcitonin inhibits osteoclasts
and shifts balance to Ca2+
uptake by osteoblasts, which
use Ca2+ from the blood to
build new bones.
PTH increases bone turnover
by activating both osteoblasts
and osteoclasts; its net effect
shifts calcium from bone to the
blood. It also stimulates calcium
retention by the kidneys.
Blood Ca2+ level falls
Increased Ca2+
absorption in
kidneys and gut
Blood Ca2+ level rises
HOMEOSTASIS
Ca2+ concentration between
9 and 11 mg/100 ml blood
41.14 Hormonal Regulation of Calcium (Page 847)
© 2014 Sinauer Associates, Inc.
Chapter 41 | Animal Hormones
14
The adrenal cortex
produces glucocorticoids,
mineralocorticoids, and
sex steroids.
The adrenal medulla
produces epinephrine
and norepinephrine.
Adrenal gland
Kidney
41.15 The Adrenal Is Really Two Glands (Page 849)
LIFE The Science of Biology 10E Sadava
Sinauer Associates
Morales Studio
Figure 41.15 Date 06-21-12
© 2014 Sinauer Associates, Inc.
Chapter 41 | Animal Hormones
(A) Epinephrine
15
β-Adrenergic receptors act through a G protein that
stimulates adenylyl cyclase, increasing cAMP in the cell.
Receptor
β1 or β2
Outside of cell
Activated
adenylyl cyclase
Epinephrine
γ
β
α1
Activated
G protein 1
(B) Norepinephrine
The α2 receptor acts through a G protein that inhibits
adenylyl cyclase, decreasing cAMP in the cell.
Receptor α2
Norepinephrine
γ
α1
ATP
cAMP +
PPi
Inside of cell
41.16 Hormones Can Activate a Variety of Signal
Transduction Pathways (Page 850)
β
Adenylyl cyclase
α2
α2
Activated
G protein 2
The α1 receptor activates phospholipase C, increasing
the production of several second messengers.
Receptor α1
Norepinephrine
Phospholipase C
γ
Activated
G protein 3
β
α3
Precursor
molecules
α3
Second
messengers
LIFE The Science of Biology 10E Sadava
Sinauer Associates
Morales Studio
Figure 41.16 Date 06-21-12
© 2014 Sinauer Associates, Inc.
Chapter 41 | Animal Hormones
Genital
tubercle
16
6 weeks
Urogenital
groove
These folds of tissue
will form the penis in
the male or the labia
minora in the female.
This tissue will form the
scrotum in males or
labia majora in females.
Anal fold
The gonads of genetic
males begin to secrete
androgens when the
embryo is about 7
weeks old.
Glans
penis
Male
Female
5 months
Glans of
clitoris
Urethral
groove
Urethral
groove
Scrotal
swelling
Genital
swelling
Perineum
Anus
Urethral
opening
Birth
Glans of
clitoris
Glans
penis
Urethral
opening
Shaft of
penis
Labia
majora
Scrotum
Labia
minora
Hymen
Anus
Under the influence of
androgens, a penis
and scrotum form.
Without the influence of
androgens, female
external organs develop.
MALE
FEMALE
(A)
LIFE The Science of Biology 10E Sadava
Sinauer Associates
Morales Studio
Figure 41.17 Date 06-21-12
Plasma melatonin (
)
41.17 Sex Steroids Direct the Development of Human Sex Organs (Page 851)
Light
Light
Dark
Winter
Winter
(long nights)
Summer
Light
Dark
Light
Summer
(short nights)
Time of day
(B) Phodopus sungorus
41.18 Melatonin Regulates Seasonal Changes (Page 851)
© 2014 Sinauer Associates, Inc.
Chapter 41 | Animal Hormones
17
RESEARCHTOOLS
41.19 An Immunoassay Allows Measurement of Small Concentrations 1 Produce an antibody to the hormone of
interest. Prepare a number of vials containing
a known amount of the antibody.
2 Label a sample of the hormone of interest.
To the first vial, add enough labeled hormone
to occupy all antibody-binding sites.
Antibody
saturated with
labeled hormone
4 Add known quantities of
unlabeled hormone of interest to
subsequent vials in which
receptors are saturated with
labeled hormone. The unlabeled
molecules displace some of the
labeled molecules at antibodybinding sites. Repeat with
different known amounts of
unlabeled hormone.
Unlabeled
hormone
added
3 Wash away unbound
Labeled hormone bound to antibody (amount)
hormone and record
the amount of labeled
hormone bound to
the antibody.
Unlabeled
hormone bound
to antibody
70
60
50
5 Repeating Step 4 results
40
30
20
10
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Total unlabeled hormone (concentration)
in a standard curve that
tells us the relationship
between the concentration
of unlabeled hormone and
the amount of labeled
hormone that remains
bound to antibody. This
standard curve relationship
is then applied to a clinical
sample to determine the concentration of the hormone
of interest in the sample.
(Page 852)
LIFE The Science of Biology 10E Sadava
Sinauer Associates
Morales Studio
Figure 41.18 Date 06-18-12
The dose that stimulates half the maximum
response is a measure of sensitivity to the hormone.
Response to hormone
Maximum response
Decreased
sensitivity
Decreased
responsiveness
Threshold
dose (minimum
response)
Hormone dose
41.20 Dose–Response Curves Quantify the Body’s
Response to a Hormone (Page 853)
© 2014 Sinauer Associates, Inc.