* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Document
Survey
Document related concepts
Dyson sphere wikipedia , lookup
Theoretical astronomy wikipedia , lookup
Modified Newtonian dynamics wikipedia , lookup
Perseus (constellation) wikipedia , lookup
History of Solar System formation and evolution hypotheses wikipedia , lookup
History of astronomy wikipedia , lookup
Formation and evolution of the Solar System wikipedia , lookup
Aquarius (constellation) wikipedia , lookup
Corvus (constellation) wikipedia , lookup
H II region wikipedia , lookup
Stellar evolution wikipedia , lookup
Observational astronomy wikipedia , lookup
Stellar kinematics wikipedia , lookup
Future of an expanding universe wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
SCI-103-401 Intro Astronomy Summer 2015 Dr. Fred Jaquin, F350, 498-2437, [email protected] Class Time: TTh 7:15 pm to 9:30 pm in F381 Lab Time: T 4:10 pm to 7:00 pm in F381 Recitation Time: Th 4:10 pm to 7:00 pm in F381 Text: Astronomy Notes by Nick Strobel available on line at AstronomyNotes.com for no cost. Day 1 Date T, Jun 02 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Th, Jun 04 T, Jun 09 Th, Jun 11 T, Jun 16 Th, Jun 18 T, Jun 23 Th, Jun 25 T, Jun 30 10 11 12 13 Th, Jul 02 T, Jul 07 Th, Jul 09 T, Jul 14 14 15 16 Th, Jul 16 T, Jul 21 Th, Jul 23 17 18 19 T, Jul 28 Th, Jul30 T, Aug 04 20 Th, Aug 06 Topics Intro to Course Scale of the Universe The Apparent Motion of the Stars: The Celestial Sphere The Apparent Motion of the Stars: The Motions and Rules The Apparent Motion of the Sun Lunar Phases, The Apparent Motion of the Moon Exam #1, The Apparent Motion of the Planets The Copernican Explanation Copernican Interpretation of Apparent motions., Kepler’s Laws The Solar System, Formation of the Solar System Extra-solar Planets Exam #2, The Sun’s structure and energy production Stellar Nomenclature , Stellar Distance Motions, Binary Stars, Binary Stars, HR Diagram, Light and Radiation Laws Star Formation, Main Sequence Stars Giant Stars, Bright and Near Stars Exam #3 Death of Stars: Low and High Mass The Milky Way: Structure and Stellar Content The Local Group of Galaxies, Galaxy Clusters and Collisions Final Comprehensive Exam Pre-Class Text Reading Associated Lab Math Problems Lab #1: Star Maps Ratios Recitation Lab #2: Binary Star Masses Recitation Lab #3: The Celestial Sphere Recitation Lab #4: Shape of Earth’s Orbit Recitation Lab #5: Orbit of Mercury Proportions t = d/v Angular size problems Ellipse Problems Gravity problems: Orbital Speed Gravity problems: Central Mass Density Doppler-Wobble problems Recitation Lab #6: Star & Planet Locator Recitation Lab #7: Luminosity of the Sun E=mc2 Parallax Problems Recitation Lab #8: Bright and Nearby Stars Recitation Wien’s Law Stefan-Boltzmann Main Sequence Lifetime Lab #9: Disk of the Milky Way Recitation Lab #10: Galaxy Morphology Review Review Review Reading #0 Reading #1 HW #1 due Reading #2 HW #2 due Reading #3 HW #3 due Reading #4 HW #4 due Reading #5 Reading #6 HW #5 due Reading #7 HW #6 due Reading #8 HW #7 due Reading #9 HW #8 due Final Recitation Reading Assignments from Nick Strobel’s AstronomyNotes available at AstronomyNotes.com Chapter #0 1&3 #1 3 Sections 1.11 & 1.12: Be prepared to discuss the Vocabulary terms and Review Questions 2, 3, 6, 7, 8 on page 10. 3.1 through 3.3: Be prepared to discuss the Vocabulary terms and the six Review Questions on page 35. 3.4 through 3.6.2: Be prepared to discuss the Vocabulary terms and the Review Questions on pages 39 and 43/44 and the Vocabulary term “sidereal day” and Review Question 2 on page 48. 3.7 through 3.7.2: Be prepared to discuss the Vocabulary terms and the Review Questions on pages 53/54 and 62/63. 3.8: Be prepared to discuss the Vocabulary terms and the Review Questions on page 67. #2 4&5 4.1 through 4.4.1: Be prepared to discuss the Vocabulary term “epicycle” and the Review Questions 1, 2, 3, 6 on page 79 and the Review Questions 1, 2, 4, 6 on page 83. 5.2 through 5.8.1: Be prepared to discuss the Vocabulary terms and the Review Questions on pages 96, 99, 107, 109. #3 9 & 10 #4 10 & 12 10.9 through 109.2: Be prepared to discuss the Review Questions on page 304. 12.1 through 12.1.3 and 12.2 through 12.5.6: Be prepared to discuss the Vocabulary terms and Review Questions on pages 358/359. #5 11 11.1, 11.1.6, 11.1.7: Be prepared to discuss the Vocabulary terms and Review Questions on pages 308/309, 324/325. 11.1.2 through 11.1.5, 11.1.8, 11.2 through 11.2.2: Be prepared to discuss the Vocabulary terms and Review Questions on pages 310, 317, 330/331. #6 11, 7 & 13 #8 14 #9 15 4.5: Be prepared to discuss the Vocabulary terms and the Review Questions on page 88. Intro to the Solar System 10.8 through 10.8.1: Be prepared to discuss the Review Questions on page 298. 11.2.3 through 11.2.5: Be prepared to discuss the Vocabulary terms and Review Questions on pages 336. 7.1 through 7.5: Be prepared to discuss the Vocabulary terms and Review Questions on pages 129/130, 133/134, 139. 13.1 through 13.2: Be prepared to discuss the Vocabulary terms and Review Questions on pages 378/379. 14.1 through14.2.7: Be prepared to discuss the Vocabulary terms and Review Questions on pages 404, 421/422. 15.1 through15.1.8: Be prepared to discuss the Vocabulary terms and Review Questions on pages 430, 449. AstronomyNotes Reading Assignment Chapter 1 --- Introduction to Astronomy Introductory Comments A Sense of Scale o Size. Answers ``How big is the Universe?'' using a scale model of solar system and galaxy. o Time. Answers ``How long has the Universe been around?'' using a compressed ``cosmic calendar.'' o Review Questions (pg. 10) Chapter 3 --- Astronomy Without a Telescope Introduction Celestial Sphere Defined Angles Reference Markers o Review Questions (pg. 35) Motion of Our Star the Sun o Review Questions (pg. 39) Coordinates o Review Questions (pg. 43/44) Time and Seasons o Solar and Sidereal Day o Solar and Sidereal Time as Viewed from Space Review Questions (pg. 48) Motions of the Moon Review Questions (pg. 53/54) o Phases and Eclipses Review Questions (pg. 62/63) Planetary Motions o Review Questions (pg. 67) Chapter 4 --- History and Philosophy of Western Astronomy Introduction Philosophical Backdrop o 7th Century B.C.E. o Sophists o Socrates o Plato o Religious Philosophy o Pythagorean Paradigm Plato's Homework Problem o Observations Against a Moving Earth o Plato's Instrumentalism o o Aristotle's Realism Ptolemy's Geocentric Universe Renaissance o 16th Century Paradigm o Occam's Razor o Copernicus's Heliocentric Universe o Tycho Brahe's excellent observations o Review Questions (pg. 79) Battle with the Church o Church's Structure o Giordano Bruno o Galileo Galilei o Epistemology o Confrontational Style o Review Questions (pg. 83) Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion o Johaness Kepler o Choosing Heliocentricism o Elliptical Orbits o Variable Speed o Distance and Period o Review Questions (pg. 88) Chapter 5 --- Newton's Law of Gravity Universal Law of Gravity o Characteristics of Gravity-o Review Questions (pg. 96) Mass vs. Weight Inverse Square Law o Review Questions (pg. 99) Gravitational Acceleration o Measuring the Mass of the Earth A Closer Look at Newton's Gravity o Occam's Razor and the Progress of Motion Laws o Nature of Gravity o Machine Universe o Material World Orbits o Centripetal Force o Measuring Planet and Star Masses o Orbital Speed o Escape Velocity o Review Questions (pg. 107) Kepler's Third Law o Interplanetary Trips o Review Questions (pg. 109) Chapter 9 --- Planetary Science Introduction Determining Planet Properties o Distances o Masses o Sizes and Volumes o Densities and Compositions Chapter 10 --- Solar System Fluff Solar System Formation o Observables. Twelve observations that the solar system formation model must account for. o Condensation Model o Review Questions (pg. 298) Testing the Theory: Other Planetary Systems o Detection methods Direct Imaging Astrometry (star wobbles) Doppler shifts Transits Microlensing o Results and Testing the Theory o Extrasolar Planets Web Sites o Review Questions (pg. 304) Introduction The Sun--An Average Star o Size o Composition o The Sun's Interior 1. Core 2. Radiative Zone 3. Convective Zone o The Sun's Surface 1. Measuring the Sun's Temperature 2. Features on the Photosphere (sunspots, prominences, flares) The Sun's Power Source o o o o o o o o Solar Luminosity---huge energy output! Possible Sources of Energy Gravitational Contraction Doesn't Power the Sun Long Enough Nuclear Fusion Needs Extreme Temperatures and Densities Some Mass is Converted to Energy in Fusion Reactions Why Stars Use a Complicated Chain Reaction Hydrostatic Equilibrium Controls the Reaction Rates Summary o o o Description Solar Neutrino Problem Explorations of Neutrino Detectors Interior Structure of Stars o Mathematical Models 1. Temperature 2. Pressure 3. Mass Density o Equation of State The ideal gas law relates temperature, pressure, and density. o Gravity Holds a Star Together Hydrostatic Equilibrium o Other Pieces 1. Continuity of Mass -- conservation of mass 2. Continuity of Energy -- conservation of energy 3. Energy Transport: radiation, convection, conduction 4. Opacity: how well the gas absorbs light o Mass-Luminosity Relation Explained o Mass Cutoff Explained o Review Questions (pg. 358/359) Chapter 11 -- Stellar Properties Chapter 12 -- Our Sun and Stellar Structure Neutrino Introduction Stars--What Are They Like? o Distances---Trigonometric Parallax Review Questions (pg. 308/309) o Distances---Inverse Square Law Review Questions (pg. 310) o Magnitude System Apparent Magnitude Absolute Magnitude and Luminosity Distance Modulus o Color and Temperature Color Index and Temperature Wien's Law and Temperature Review Questions (pg. 317) o The Composition of Stars o The Velocities of Stars Doppler Effect Review Questions o The Masses of Stars Review Questions (pg. 324/325) o The Sizes of Stars Review Questions Types of Stars and HR diagram o Temperature dependence o Spectral Types Review Questions (pg. 330/331) o Hertzsprung-Russell diagram Color-Magnitude diagram o Spectroscopic Parallax o What is a ``Typical'' Star? Review Questions (pg. 336) 2. Chapter 7 --- Electromagnetic Radiation Introduction Electric and Magnetic Fields Properties of Light o Review Questions (pg. 129/130) Production of Light o Continuous Spectrum o Discrete Spectrum Emission lines and absorption lines o Review Questions (pg. 133/134) Bohr atom How Atoms Produce the Spectra Includes some nice pictures. o Universality of Physical Laws in Space and Time o Review Questions (pg. 139) Doppler Effect o 1. 2. 3. 4. Chapter 13 -- Lives and Deaths of Stars Introduction Stellar Evolution o Mass Dependence o The Basic Scheme 1. Stage 1: Giant Molecular Cloud 2. Stage 2: Protostar 3. Stage 3: T-Tauri 4. Stage 4: Main Sequence 5. Stage 5: Subgiant, Red Giant, Supergiant 6. Stage 6: Core fusion 7. Stage 7: Red Giant or Supergiant 8. Stage 8: Planetary Nebula or Supernova 9. Stage 9: Core Remnant o Stellar Nucleosynthesis o Review Questions (pg. 378/379) o Confirmation of Stellar Evolution Models o Finding the Ages of Clusters Chapter 14 -- Interstellar Medium and the Milky Way Introduction Interstellar Medium (ISM) o Dust 1. Extinction Reddening Gas H II Regions 21 cm radiation Using 21 cm radiation to Map the Galaxy Molecules 1. Molecular clouds 2. Molecular Hydrogen and Carbon Monoxide Connection 5. Review Questions (pg. 404) Galactic Structure The Milky Way: our galaxy o Period-Luminosity Relation for Variable Stars 1. Cepheids 1. Type I: classical Cepheids 2. Type II: W Virginis Cepheids 2. RR Lyrae o Our Location o Our Motion o Deriving the Galactic Mass from the Rotation Curve o Spiral Arms 1. Density Wave Theory 2. Self-propagating Star Formation 3. Transient Spirals o Populations of Stars o Galactic Center o Review Questions (pg. 421/422) Chapter 15 -- Other Galaxies and Active Galaxies Introduction Other Galaxies o Types of Galaxies 1. Ellipticals 2. Spirals 3. Irregulars o Positions On Our Sky 1. Review Questions (pg. 430) o Distances to Galaxies o Hubble Law o Masses of Galaxies o Clusters of Galaxies Dark Matter in Galaxy Clusters o Superclusters o Galaxy Origins 0. Galaxy Collisions and Mergers o Review Questions (pg. 449) “What an asnotisnihg thnig a book is. It's a falt obcejt made from a tere with flixeble prats on wcihh are imnirpted lots of fnuny dark squigelgs. But one glcnae at it and you're indise the mind of anhtoer peosrn, mbyae somobedy dead for thsuoands of yraes. Aorcss the miellnina, an auohtr is spkaeing clraely and siltnely indise your head, dicertly to you. Wrtniig is peahrps the gaertest of hamun intnevions, bniding tohteger pelpoe who never knew each oehtr, cizitens of disnatt ephcos. Books baerk the shkcales of time. A book is proof that hamuns are cabaple of wonikrg migac." ― Carl Sagan, Cmsoos