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SCI-103-401 Intro Astronomy Summer 2015
Dr. Fred Jaquin, F350, 498-2437, [email protected]
Class Time: TTh 7:15 pm to 9:30 pm in F381
Lab Time: T 4:10 pm to 7:00 pm in F381
Recitation Time: Th 4:10 pm to 7:00 pm in F381
Text: Astronomy Notes by Nick Strobel available on line at AstronomyNotes.com for no cost.
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T, Jun 09
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T, Jun 16
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Topics
Intro to Course
Scale of the Universe
The Apparent Motion of the Stars: The Celestial Sphere
The Apparent Motion of the Stars: The Motions and Rules
The Apparent Motion of the Sun
Lunar Phases, The Apparent Motion of the Moon
Exam #1, The Apparent Motion of the Planets
The Copernican Explanation
Copernican Interpretation of Apparent motions.,
Kepler’s Laws
The Solar System, Formation of the Solar System
Extra-solar Planets
Exam #2, The Sun’s structure and energy production
Stellar Nomenclature , Stellar Distance Motions, Binary
Stars,
Binary Stars, HR Diagram, Light and Radiation Laws
Star Formation, Main Sequence Stars
Giant Stars, Bright and Near Stars
Exam #3
Death of Stars: Low and High Mass
The Milky Way: Structure and Stellar Content
The Local Group of Galaxies, Galaxy Clusters and
Collisions
Final Comprehensive Exam
Pre-Class
Text Reading
Associated Lab
Math Problems
Lab #1: Star Maps
Ratios
Recitation
Lab #2: Binary Star Masses
Recitation
Lab #3: The Celestial Sphere
Recitation
Lab #4: Shape of Earth’s Orbit
Recitation
Lab #5: Orbit of Mercury
Proportions
t = d/v
Angular size problems
Ellipse Problems
Gravity problems: Orbital Speed
Gravity problems: Central Mass
Density
Doppler-Wobble problems
Recitation
Lab #6: Star & Planet Locator
Recitation
Lab #7: Luminosity of the Sun
E=mc2
Parallax Problems
Recitation
Lab #8: Bright and Nearby Stars
Recitation
Wien’s Law
Stefan-Boltzmann
Main Sequence Lifetime
Lab #9: Disk of the Milky Way
Recitation
Lab #10: Galaxy Morphology
Review
Review
Review
Reading #0
Reading #1
HW #1 due
Reading #2
HW #2 due
Reading #3
HW #3 due
Reading #4
HW #4 due
Reading #5
Reading #6
HW #5 due
Reading #7
HW #6 due
Reading #8
HW #7 due
Reading #9
HW #8 due
Final Recitation
Reading Assignments from Nick Strobel’s AstronomyNotes available at AstronomyNotes.com
Chapter
#0
1&3
#1
3
Sections
 1.11 & 1.12: Be prepared to discuss the Vocabulary terms and Review Questions 2, 3, 6, 7, 8 on page 10.
 3.1 through 3.3: Be prepared to discuss the Vocabulary terms and the six Review Questions on page 35.
 3.4 through 3.6.2: Be prepared to discuss the Vocabulary terms and the Review Questions on pages 39 and 43/44 and the
Vocabulary term “sidereal day” and Review Question 2 on page 48.
 3.7 through 3.7.2: Be prepared to discuss the Vocabulary terms and the Review Questions on pages 53/54 and 62/63.
 3.8: Be prepared to discuss the Vocabulary terms and the Review Questions on page 67.
#2
4&5
 4.1 through 4.4.1: Be prepared to discuss the Vocabulary term “epicycle” and the Review Questions 1, 2, 3, 6 on page 79
and the Review Questions 1, 2, 4, 6 on page 83.
 5.2 through 5.8.1: Be prepared to discuss the Vocabulary terms and the Review Questions on pages 96, 99, 107, 109.
#3
9 & 10



#4
10 & 12
 10.9 through 109.2: Be prepared to discuss the Review Questions on page 304.
 12.1 through 12.1.3 and 12.2 through 12.5.6: Be prepared to discuss the Vocabulary terms and Review Questions on pages
358/359.
#5
11
 11.1, 11.1.6, 11.1.7: Be prepared to discuss the Vocabulary terms and Review Questions on pages 308/309, 324/325.
 11.1.2 through 11.1.5, 11.1.8, 11.2 through 11.2.2: Be prepared to discuss the Vocabulary terms and Review Questions on
pages 310, 317, 330/331.
#6
11, 7 &
13
#8
14
#9
15
4.5: Be prepared to discuss the Vocabulary terms and the Review Questions on page 88.
Intro to the Solar System
10.8 through 10.8.1: Be prepared to discuss the Review Questions on page 298.
 11.2.3 through 11.2.5: Be prepared to discuss the Vocabulary terms and Review Questions on pages 336.
 7.1 through 7.5: Be prepared to discuss the Vocabulary terms and Review Questions on pages 129/130, 133/134, 139.
 13.1 through 13.2: Be prepared to discuss the Vocabulary terms and Review Questions on pages 378/379.
 14.1 through14.2.7: Be prepared to discuss the Vocabulary terms and Review Questions on pages 404, 421/422.
 15.1 through15.1.8: Be prepared to discuss the Vocabulary terms and Review Questions on pages 430, 449.
AstronomyNotes Reading Assignment
Chapter 1 --- Introduction to Astronomy


Introductory Comments
A Sense of Scale
o Size. Answers ``How big is the Universe?'' using a scale model of solar system and
galaxy.
o Time. Answers ``How long has the Universe been around?'' using a compressed
``cosmic calendar.''
o Review Questions (pg. 10)
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
Chapter 3 --- Astronomy Without a Telescope
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Introduction
Celestial Sphere Defined
Angles
Reference Markers
o Review Questions (pg. 35)
Motion of Our Star the Sun
o Review Questions (pg. 39)
Coordinates
o Review Questions (pg. 43/44)
Time and Seasons
o Solar and Sidereal Day
o Solar and Sidereal Time as Viewed from Space
 Review Questions (pg. 48)
Motions of the Moon
 Review Questions (pg. 53/54)
o Phases and Eclipses
 Review Questions (pg. 62/63)
Planetary Motions
o Review Questions (pg. 67)
Chapter 4 --- History and Philosophy of Western Astronomy
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

Introduction
Philosophical Backdrop
o 7th Century B.C.E.
o Sophists
o Socrates
o Plato
o Religious Philosophy
o Pythagorean Paradigm
Plato's Homework Problem
o Observations Against a Moving Earth
o Plato's Instrumentalism

o
o
Aristotle's Realism
Ptolemy's Geocentric Universe
Renaissance
o 16th Century Paradigm
o Occam's Razor
o Copernicus's Heliocentric Universe
o Tycho Brahe's excellent observations
o Review Questions (pg. 79)
Battle with the Church
o Church's Structure
o Giordano Bruno
o Galileo Galilei
o Epistemology
o Confrontational Style
o Review Questions (pg. 83)
Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion
o Johaness Kepler
o Choosing Heliocentricism
o Elliptical Orbits
o Variable Speed
o Distance and Period
o Review Questions (pg. 88)
Chapter 5 --- Newton's Law of Gravity
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Universal Law of Gravity
o Characteristics of Gravity-o Review Questions (pg. 96)
Mass vs. Weight
Inverse Square Law
o Review Questions (pg. 99)
Gravitational Acceleration
o Measuring the Mass of the Earth
A Closer Look at Newton's Gravity
o Occam's Razor and the Progress of Motion Laws
o Nature of Gravity
o Machine Universe
o Material World
Orbits
o Centripetal Force
o Measuring Planet and Star Masses
o Orbital Speed
o Escape Velocity
o Review Questions (pg. 107)
Kepler's Third Law
o Interplanetary Trips
o Review Questions (pg. 109)
Chapter 9 --- Planetary Science
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Introduction
Determining Planet Properties
o Distances
o Masses
o Sizes and Volumes
o Densities and Compositions
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Chapter 10 --- Solar System Fluff
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Solar System Formation
o Observables. Twelve observations that the solar system formation model must
account for.
o Condensation Model
o Review Questions (pg. 298)
Testing the Theory: Other Planetary Systems
o Detection methods
 Direct Imaging
 Astrometry (star wobbles)
 Doppler shifts
 Transits
 Microlensing
o Results and Testing the Theory
o Extrasolar Planets Web Sites
o Review Questions (pg. 304)
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Introduction
The Sun--An Average Star
o Size
o Composition
o The Sun's Interior
1. Core
2. Radiative Zone
3. Convective Zone
o The Sun's Surface
1. Measuring the Sun's Temperature
2. Features on the Photosphere (sunspots, prominences, flares)
The Sun's Power Source
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Solar Luminosity---huge energy output!
Possible Sources of Energy
Gravitational Contraction Doesn't Power the Sun Long Enough
Nuclear Fusion Needs Extreme Temperatures and Densities
Some Mass is Converted to Energy in Fusion Reactions
Why Stars Use a Complicated Chain Reaction
Hydrostatic Equilibrium Controls the Reaction Rates
Summary
o
o
o
Description
Solar Neutrino Problem
Explorations of Neutrino Detectors
Interior Structure of Stars
o Mathematical Models
1. Temperature
2. Pressure
3. Mass Density
o Equation of State The ideal gas law relates temperature, pressure, and density.
o Gravity Holds a Star Together Hydrostatic Equilibrium
o Other Pieces
1. Continuity of Mass -- conservation of mass
2. Continuity of Energy -- conservation of energy
3. Energy Transport: radiation, convection, conduction
4. Opacity: how well the gas absorbs light
o Mass-Luminosity Relation Explained
o Mass Cutoff Explained
o Review Questions (pg. 358/359)
Chapter 11 -- Stellar Properties
Chapter 12 -- Our Sun and Stellar Structure
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Neutrino
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Introduction
Stars--What Are They Like?
o Distances---Trigonometric Parallax
 Review Questions (pg. 308/309)
o Distances---Inverse Square Law
 Review Questions (pg. 310)
o Magnitude System
 Apparent Magnitude
 Absolute Magnitude and Luminosity
 Distance Modulus
o Color and Temperature
 Color Index and Temperature
 Wien's Law and Temperature
 Review Questions (pg. 317)
o The Composition of Stars
o The Velocities of Stars Doppler Effect
 Review Questions
o The Masses of Stars
 Review Questions (pg. 324/325)
o The Sizes of Stars
 Review Questions
Types of Stars and HR diagram
o Temperature dependence
o Spectral Types
 Review Questions (pg. 330/331)
o Hertzsprung-Russell diagram Color-Magnitude diagram
o Spectroscopic Parallax
o What is a ``Typical'' Star?
 Review Questions (pg. 336)
2.
Chapter 7 --- Electromagnetic Radiation
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Introduction
Electric and Magnetic Fields
Properties of Light
o Review Questions (pg. 129/130)
Production of Light
o Continuous Spectrum
o Discrete Spectrum Emission lines and absorption lines
o Review Questions (pg. 133/134)
Bohr atom
How Atoms Produce the Spectra Includes some nice pictures.
o Universality of Physical Laws in Space and Time
o Review Questions (pg. 139)
Doppler Effect
o
1.
2.
3.
4.
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Chapter 13 -- Lives and Deaths of Stars
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Introduction
Stellar Evolution
o Mass Dependence
o The Basic Scheme
1. Stage 1: Giant Molecular Cloud
2. Stage 2: Protostar
3. Stage 3: T-Tauri
4. Stage 4: Main Sequence
5. Stage 5: Subgiant, Red Giant, Supergiant
6. Stage 6: Core fusion
7. Stage 7: Red Giant or Supergiant
8. Stage 8: Planetary Nebula or Supernova
9. Stage 9: Core Remnant
o Stellar Nucleosynthesis
o Review Questions (pg. 378/379)
o Confirmation of Stellar Evolution Models
o Finding the Ages of Clusters
Chapter 14 -- Interstellar Medium and the Milky Way


Introduction
Interstellar Medium (ISM)
o Dust
1. Extinction
Reddening
Gas
H II Regions
21 cm radiation
Using 21 cm radiation to Map the Galaxy
Molecules
1. Molecular clouds
2. Molecular Hydrogen and Carbon Monoxide Connection
5. Review Questions (pg. 404)
Galactic Structure The Milky Way: our galaxy
o Period-Luminosity Relation for Variable Stars
1. Cepheids
1. Type I: classical Cepheids
2. Type II: W Virginis Cepheids
2. RR Lyrae
o Our Location
o Our Motion
o Deriving the Galactic Mass from the Rotation Curve
o Spiral Arms
1. Density Wave Theory
2. Self-propagating Star Formation
3. Transient Spirals
o Populations of Stars
o Galactic Center
o Review Questions (pg. 421/422)
Chapter 15 -- Other Galaxies and Active Galaxies


Introduction
Other Galaxies
o Types of Galaxies
1. Ellipticals
2. Spirals
3. Irregulars
o Positions On Our Sky
1. Review Questions (pg. 430)
o Distances to Galaxies
o Hubble Law
o Masses of Galaxies
o Clusters of Galaxies
 Dark Matter in Galaxy Clusters
o Superclusters
o Galaxy Origins
0. Galaxy Collisions and Mergers
o Review Questions (pg. 449)
“What an asnotisnihg thnig a book is. It's a falt obcejt made from a
tere with flixeble prats on wcihh are imnirpted lots of fnuny dark
squigelgs. But one glcnae at it and you're indise the mind of anhtoer
peosrn, mbyae somobedy dead for thsuoands of yraes. Aorcss the
miellnina, an auohtr is spkaeing clraely and siltnely indise your
head, dicertly to you. Wrtniig is peahrps the gaertest of hamun
intnevions, bniding tohteger pelpoe who never knew each oehtr,
cizitens of disnatt ephcos. Books baerk the shkcales of time. A book
is proof that hamuns are cabaple of wonikrg migac."
― Carl Sagan, Cmsoos