Download 28-1 Introduction to Arthropods

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28-1 Introduction to Arthropods- Phylum Arthropoda
Foldable #1 Outside- Phylum Arthropoda...Greek Arthron=joint & Podos=foot; Inside: Arthropods have
segmented bodies, a tough exoskeleton, & jointed appendages. They are the most diverse & the most successful
animals of all time. They are found in all habitats: sea, land & air.
Foldable #2: OUTSIDE: Three Major Groups of Arthropods; INSIDE: Crustaceans, Chelicerates, &
Uniramians; *Hint…on the test you should be able to list and describe each of these.
Foldable #3 Outside: Appendages; Inside: structures such as legs or antennae that extend from the body wall.
Foldable #4 Outside: The Classification of Arthropods is based on:
INSIDE: the # & structure of their body segments and appendages. The evolution of arthropods has led to fewer
body segments & specialized appendages.
Foldable#5….6 tab half of a whole hot-dog…Outside tabs: Feeding, Respiration, Circulation, Excretion,
Response, Reproduction;
INSIDE: Feeding: Arthropod mouthparts have evolved in ways to allow different species to eat a variety of
foods. Their mouth-parts range from pinchers or fangs to sickle-shaped jaws that can cut through the tissue of
prey.
Respiration: Most terrestrial arthropods breathe using a network of branching tracheal tubes that extend
through-out the body. Air enters & leaves the tubes through spiracles, which are small openings along the side
of the body. Others (spiders/terrestrial chelicerates) use book lungs, organs that have layers of respiratory tissue
stacked like pages of a book. Most aquatic arthropods use gills to breathe.
Circulation: Arthropods have an OPEN circulatory system.
Excretion: Most terrestrial arthropods dispose of nitrogen waste using MALPIGHIAN TUBULES (sac-like
organs that extract wastes from the book & then add them to feces or digestive wastes that move through the
gut. Aquatic arthropods usually rely on diffusion.
Response: Most have a well-developed nervous system and ALL have a brain. Many have compound eyes with
almost 2000 lenses that can detect color and motion very well.
Reproduction: Terrestrial arthropods have INTERNAL fertilization. In some species, the males have a
reproductive organ that places the sperm inside the female. In others, the male deposits a sperm packet that is
picked up by the female. AQUATIC arthropods may have internal or external fertilization.
Foldable #6 OUTSIDE: Arthropod Growth & Development; INSIDE: Molting enables arthropods to grow. This
happens when they outgrow their exoskeleton…because it does not grow with the animal. First, the arthropod’s
skin glands digest the inner part of the exoskeleton. Other glands begin to secrete a new skeleton. An arthropod
is very vulnerable during this time because the new exoskeleton is very soft at first.
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28-2 Groups of Arthropods
Foldable #1 Outside: Subphylum Crustacea or Crustaceans…crab, shrimp, lobster, crayfish, barnacle & “Rollie Pollie aka
Pill Bug; (It is sometimes considered a super class instead of a subphylum!)
INSIDE: Crustaceans typically have two pairs of antennae, two or three body sections, & chewing mouth parts called
mandibles.
Foldable #2 : Mount “Classes of Crustaceans” handout on paper for foldable.
Foldable #3: OUTSIDE: Crustaceans are primarily aquatic & Motile. INSIDE: Barnacles however, are sessile, their larva
attach to a single spot where they spend their lives. Pill Bugs or Rollie Pollies are terrestrial crustaceans.
Foldable #4: Create a Foldable that will have Four Tabs. Outside: The crayfish has a body plan that is typical for many
crustaceans; Is divided into a: Cephalothorax, & an Abdomen; INSIDE the two parts…define them.
(Diagram of crayfish should be included on this foldable)…
Foldable #5: Definition tab: CARAPACE: In crustaceans, the part of the exoskeleton that covers the cephalothorax;
Foldable #6: 3 tab definition foldable: Mandible, Chelipeds, Swimmerets;
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Foldable #1 Outside: Subphylum Chelicerta or Chelicerates…spiders & their relatives; INSIDE: Chelicerates have mouthparts called
chelicerae & two body sections, nearly all have four pairs of walking legs. Their cephalothorax contains= brain, eyes, mouth &
walking legs; Abdomen= most of the internal organs;
Foldable #2-3 tab Outside: Appendages Near Mouth, Chelicerae, Pedipalps;
Inside: Chelicerae: Contain fangs & are used to stab and paralyze prey; Pedipalps: longer than chelicerae & are modified to grab prey;
Foldable #3(1/4 page SQUARE) 3 tabs: Outside: Classes of Chelicerates; Merostomata (Horseshoe Crabs) & Arachnidia (spiders,
mites, tick & scorpions)
INSIDE: Merostomata: Oldest living arthropods; They are heavily armored like crabs but have anatomy closer to that of spiders; They
have chelicerae and five pairs of walking legs & a long spike-like tail.
Arachnidia: Spiders are the largest group of arachnids; Some spin a strong web of flexible protein called SILK; SPINNERETS are the
organs that produce silk. All spiders produce silk…but not all spiders spin webs. Web-spinning spiders can produce webs almost as
soon as they hatch.
Foldable #4( 4 tab ¼ hotdog) OUTSIDE: Arachnids: Spiders; Mites & Ticks; Scorpions
INSIDE: Spiders: Spiders do not have jaws for chewing so they feed by paralyzing prey, injecting digestible enzymes into the prey
(which liquefies it) & then sucking up the prey tissue & swallowing it;
Mites, ticks, & chiggers are small arachnids that are often parasitic; Their chelicerae & pedipalps are specialized for digging into a
host’s tissues & sucking out blood or plant fluids;
Scorpions: Pedipalps are enlarged into claws; Their long segmented abdomen carries a venomous stinger that can kill or paralyze prey.
They CHEW their prey using their chelicerae.
Foldable #5…OUTSIDE: Subphylum Uniramina or uniramians…Centipedes, Millipedes & Insects; INSIDE:
Uniramians have jaws, one pair of antennae & unbranched appendages;
Foldable #6...2 tab…OUTSIDE: Class Chilopoda: Centipedes; Class Diplopoda: Millipedes; INSIDE: Centipedes: They have from a
few to more than 100 pairs of legs. *Most body segments bear ONE pair of legs each; They are CARNIVORES whose mouth parts
include VENOMOUS claws. Their spiracles cannot close and their body is not waterproof, so they must live in moist places.
Millipede: Have highly segmented bodies; Each segment has TWO pairs of legs per segment. They feed on decaying plant material.
They defend themselves by rolling up into a ball. They may also secrete unpleasant or toxic chemicals.
Foldable #7…Mount Handout of Classes of Chelicerates;
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28-3 Insects
Foldable #1- Outside: Class Insecta contains more species than any other group of animals.
INSIDE: Insects have a body divided into three parts: head, thorax, and abdomen. *Three pairs of legs are attached to
the thorax;
Foldable #2-OUTSIDE: If a Uniramian has wings… INSIDE: it must be an insect. A typical insect has a pair of antennae, a
pair of compound eyes on the head, two pairs of wings on the thorax, & tracheal tubes that are used for respiration.
Foldable #3-(Fairly large 3 tab foldable)
OUTSIDE: Responses To Stimuli; INSIDE: An insect can detect minute movements in its environment using its compound
eyes and its sensory hairs. They have chemical receptors for taste & smell on their mouth-parts antennae & legs. SOME insects
have well developed ears that hear sounds far above the human range (these organs are located behind the legs in grasshoppers!)
OUTSIDE: Feeding Adaptations…INSIDE: Three pairs of appendages used for mouth-parts, including a pair of mandibles
(they can have a wide variety of shape);
OUTSIDE: Movement & Flight…INSIDE: Insects have three pairs of legs…in different species used for walking, jumping or
capturing and holding prey. Some legs have spines & hooks used for grasping & defense. FLYING insects typically have two
pairs of wings made of chitin-the same substance that makes up the exoskeleton. *Dragonflies can fly up to 50 kilometers per
hour!
Foldable #4- Three tab definition foldable…Outside: Two Types Of Metamorphosis; Incomplete Metamorphosis (on the inside
of this tab-define it & include the definition of NYMPH as well); Complete Metamorphosis (on the inside of this tab define
it…INCLUDE the definition of PUPA as well!);
Foldable #5- (FIVE tab foldable) Stages of Complete Metamorphosis: Draw each one on the outside of four tabs…list them on
the inside…
Foldable #6- OUTSIDE: One difference between a nymph and a larva is….INSIDE: A Nymph resembles an adult of the same
species, but the larva DOES NOT.
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Foldable #1- How much of the food we eat depends on plants pollinated by animals? INSIDE (you must use your book and
look up the answer!)
Foldable #2- OUTSIDE: Insect Communication INSIDE: The communicate using sound, visual, chemical & other types of
signals…mainly to attract mates. Male crickets chirp by rubbing their forewings together. Male fireflies use visual clues to
attract female fireflies.
Foldable #3- Definition tab: OUTSIDE:PHEROMONE- INSIDE (definition);
Foldable #4- OUTSIDE: Insect Societies; INSIDE: (key concepts pg 732) Ants, bees, termites, & some of their relatives form
complex associations called societies. SOCIETY- a group of closely related animals of the same species that work together for
the benefit of the whole group. Ant societies may consist of MORE than 7 MILLION individuals!;
Foldable #5-definition tab: CASTE ( use glossary for definition) and then list the different ant castes…be sure to describe the
queen.
Foldable #6-Fairly Large Three Tab Foldable:
OUTSIDE: Communication In Societies: INSIDE: Honeybees communicate with complex movements & with pheromones.
Worker bees can give information about the type, quality, direction & distance of a food source by “dancing”.
OUTSIDE: Round Dance; INSIDE: The bee circles one way and then the other over and over again…indicating that it has
found food within a relatively SHORT distance from the hive.
OUTSIDE: Waggle Dance; INSIDE: The bee runs forward in a straight line while waggling her abdomen. She circles around
one way and then, runs in a straight line again. The waggle tells the other bees the food is a longer distance away. The
longer it takes to perform the straight run and the greater the # of waggles, the farther away the food. *The straight run
also indicates the DIRECTION of the food.
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28-4 Echinoderms
Foldable #1- OUTSIDE: Phylum Echinodermata….”Spiny-Skin”…which is stretched over an internal skeleton or
endoskeleton made of calcium carbonate. INSIDE: They are characterized by spiny skin, an internal skeleton, a water
vascular system & suction cuplike structures called “tube-feet”. As adults their bodies typically have no anterior or
posterior end and lack cephalization.
Foldable #2- Small three tab foldable; OUTSIDE: Echinoderm Surfaces; OUTSIDE: Oral Surface; INSIDE: the side in
which the mouth is located; OUTSIDE: Aboral surface; INSIDE: the side opposite the mouth;
Foldable #3- Fairly Large 5 tab foldable:
OUTSIDE: Symmetry; INSIDE; Most are Radial as adults but bilateral as larva. Most adults exhibit five part radial
symmetry with the radial parts arranged around a central body. Echinoderms are more closely related to humans than
other invertebrates because they are DEUTEROSTOMES.
OUTSIDE: Water Vascular System; INSIDE: this system is filled with fluid, and carries out many essential body
functions in echinoderms, including respiration, circulation & movement. This systems opens into a MADREPORITE, a
sieve-like structure which opens up to the outside. Circulation of needed materials takes place through the water vascular
system (oxygen, food, wastes);
OUTSIDE: TUBE FEET; INSIDE: structures that operate like a suction cup. Each tube foot (there are 100’s of feet on
each radial canal) has a sucker on the end. They create a very strong force. The feet acting together allow the echinoderm
to walk and to pull open shells of their prey. RESPIRATION occurs mainly in the tube feet as well.
OUTSIDE: EXCRETION; INSIDE: Most release feces through the anus. Nitrogen-containing cellular wastes (ammonia)
is passed into surrounding water through diffusion of tube feet & skin gills.
OUTSIDE: REPRODUCTION; INSIDE: They reproduce by EXTERNAL fertilization. Sperm are produced in testes &
eggs are produced in ovaries. Both gametes are shed into water where fertilization takes place.
Foldable #4- Fairly Large 6 tab Foldable….
OUTSIDE: Classes Of Echinoderms;
OUTSIDE: Sea Urchins & Sand Dollars; INSIDE: have large solid plates that form a box around their internal organs.
Many are detritivores. They defend themselves by burrowing into sand or mud, or wedging into crevices.
OUTSIDE: Brittle Stars; INSIDE: Very common especially around coral reefs. They have slender flexible arms and can
move quite rapidly to escape predators. They can also shed an arm when attacked…the detached arm keeps moving! They
are filter feeders that hide during the day and feed at night.
OUTSIDE: Sea Cucumbers; INSIDE: Look like warty moving pickles; Most are detritus feeders that move along the floor
while sucking up organic matter and remains of dead plant and animal matter. Hundreds move across the floor at once.
OUTSIDE: Sea Stars: INSIDE: Best know echinoderms; move by creeping along the sea floor. Most are carnivores
feeding on bivalves. They have the ability to regenerate body parts when damaged. If pulled into pieces, each piece will
grow into a new animal, as long as it contains a portion of the central body!
OUTSIDE: Sea Lilies & Feather Stars; INSIDE: filter feeders with long feathery arms; they make up the oldest class of
echinoderms. Many live on coral reefs & use their tube feet to catch floating plankton.