Download Islam - Mrs. Cottrill

Islam
“Submission to God”
Youngest world religion
1/4 of world population
Islam
• Muslims believe that Islam is the faith of all
God’s prophets from Adam onward, and therefore
is the original religion.
• They see the formal creation of a distinct religion
in the 7th century C.E. as the final form of the
religion, explicitly revealed in the Qur’an
Review Question
• What does the word “Islam” mean?
Terms
• Islam
– “to submit”
• Muslim
– “one who submits”
• Qur’an (Koran)
– Holy Book of Islam, in Arabic, consisting of 114 suras
• Allah
– Arabic name for God
Review Question
• The Qur’an is a collection of _____
• What is the language of the Qur’an?
Terms
• Qur’an (Koran)
– Holy book of Islam
– 114 Suras (chapters)
• Opening chapter (short prayer invoking the name of God)
• 113 chapters arranged in length
– Second chapter = longest
– Written and read from right to left
– Result of divine dictation, so it cannot be translated
Terms
• Hadith
– Collection of the sayings of Muhammad
• Sunnah (Sunna)
– Reports of his actions
– Body of social and legal custom and practice of the Islamic
community
• Shariah
– Islamic law and moral code
Introduction
• Islam - Arabic word meaning
“to submit,” and a Muslim is
“one who submits”
– that is, one who lives life in
the way God intends
– Islam is a TOTAL way of life,
not just concerned with
spiritual matters
Introduction
• People of the Book
– Monotheistic Religions
• Judaism
• Christianity
• Prominent Islam Locations
–
–
–
–
Middle East
North and West Africa
Southeastern Europe
Malaysia
Islam—the Beginning
• Abraham
• Sarah & Hagar
• Ishme’al, & Isaac
• Abraham & Ishme’al
– Ka’aba Stone
• Mecca
Review Question
• Who is Muhammad?
• Where and when was he born?
• What divine interaction did he have?0
Introduction
• Muhammad – The Last Prophet
– Qur’an revealed to Him
– “Peace Be Upon Him”
– Actions of Muhammad are the 2nd highest authority
(1st is the Qur’an)
Revelation
• The month of Ramadan, 610CE, Mount Hira
(near Mecca)
– Gabriel, in the form of a man
• Asked him to recite and then embraced him, 3 times
– The Qur’an began to be revealed to him
• “Recite in the Name of thy Lord who created”
– In fear, Muhammad fled
• “Thou art the messenger of God and I am Gabriel”
Struggles
• 619 CE
– Kadijah (Muhammad’s wife) and Abu Talib
(Muhammad’s uncle and clan leader) both died
• Divine intervention
– Muhammad’s supreme spiritual experience
• Nocturnal Ascent (Isra and Mi’raj)
– Mentioned in the Qur’an, Hadith, and nearly every work of
Islamic history
– During a nightly visit to the Ka’aba
Gabriel took Muhammad to Jerusalem on a mythical flying
creature – Buraq – like Pegasus
From the rock on which Abraham offered the sacrifice of
Isaac (site of Solomon’s temple and currently The Dome of
the Rock) ascended to the higher states of being to the
Divine Presence himself
Muhammad met various prophets, from Adam to
Abraham, from Moses to Jesus, as well as a variety of
angels as he passed through the seven heavens. After
this Gabriel took him to the heavenly lote-tree on the
boundary of the heavens before the throne of Allah.
From 50 to 5 daily prayers –
debate with Moses
Review Question
• What event marks the first year of the
Islamic calendar?
• When would this event have occurred
according to the western calendar?
Muhammad
“Peace be upon him”
• God’s Final Prophet – the “Seal” of the prophets
• Hijra
– 622 CE
– 1 AH (after Hijra)
• 630 CE – Returned to Mecca
– Circled Ka’aba 7 times
– Destroyed idols in the Ka’aba and reestablished it as a
place of worship
• 632 CE – Muhammad died
Review Question
• For each of the sects of Islam, please
summarize in one or two sentences the
sect’s major beliefs about religious
authority:
– Sunni
– Shia
– Sufi
Spread of Islam
• Caliphs (deputy of the Prophet – a political, not
religious, position)
– 1st Caliph was Abu Bakr -- one of Muhammad’s
chief converts (father of his wife)
– 2nd Caliph was Umar – led conquests in Palestine,
Syria, Egypt, N. Africa, Iran, Iraq
– 3rd Caliph was Uthman – pious, established standard
text of Qur’an; killed in mosque
• Ali – 4th Caliph – Muhammad’s cousin/son-in-law
– Shi’ite (Shi’a) leader
– Sunni’s disagreed – wanted democratic election
• Umayyad Caliphate – assassinated Ali
The Spread of Islam
Foundations of the Faith
• The Qur’an
• The Hadith
• The 5 Pillars of Islam
• Oneness of God
Review Question
• What are the 5 pillars?
The Five Pillars of Islam
• Shahada (The Declaration of Faith)
– There is only one God; Muhammad is His messenger
• Salat (Prayer)
– Obligation to pray 5 times/day, facing Mecca
• Sawm (Fasting)
– During the month of Ramadan
• Zakat (Charity)
– Donation of surplus of wealth (2.5%)
• Hajj (Pilgrimage)
– To Mecca, once in lifetime
The
th
6
pillar? – Shi’a
• Jihad = Arabic for "struggle" or "effort," or "to strive," "to exert,"
"to fight," depending on the context.
• In the West, the word is generally understood to mean "holy war”
• The Qur’an does call for "jihad" as a military struggle on behalf of
Islam. However, the Qur’an also refers to jihad as an internal,
individual, spiritual struggle toward self-improvement, moral
cleansing and intellectual effort.
• Muhammad’s definition:
– Little jihad = armed holy war
– Greater jihad = spiritual struggle
Shahada
Declaration of Faith
•There is no god but Allah and
Muhammad is his prophet
Salat
• All Muslims must pray 5 times daily facing
the holy city of Mecca
– Fajr (dawn)
– Dhuhr (noon)
– Aṣr (afternoon)
– Maghrib (evening)
– Ishāʾ (night)
A Translation of the Call to Prayer:
• Adhan – performed by Meuzzin
Allahu Akbar
Ashadu anna la ilaha illa
Allah
Ashadu anna Muhammadan
rasul Allah
Haiya 'ala al-salat
Haiya 'ala al-falah
Al-salat khayrun min alnawm
Allahu Akbar
La ilaha illa Allah
God is most great
I bear witness there is no god but
God
I bear witness Muhammad is the
prophet of God
Come to prayer
Come to wellbeing
Prayer is better than sleep
God is most great
There is no God but God
Sawn
• All Muslims must fast during the daylight
hours of the holy month of Ramadan
– 29-30 days, based on visual sightings of the crescent moon
– Ramadan comes from the Arabic root ramida or ar-ramad
(“scorching heat” or “dryness”)
– Obligatory, except for those who are ill, traveling,
pregnant, breastfeeding, diabetic, or going through
menstrual bleeding
Zakat
•Giving Charity
– Recommended 2.5% of income
Review Question
• What is the holiest pilgrimage site in the
Islamic faith?
• What is the pilgrimage called?
Hajj
•All Muslims are expected to take a
pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in
their life if physically and financially
able
Pilgrimage to Mecca
Ihram –
humility
and
cleansing
Review Question
• What is the Ka’bah?
Sacred sanctuary – Haram
Forbidden to all but Muslims
Mecca’s population increases from 376,000 to over 2 million.
500,000 fit inside…
The Tawaf
• Circumambulation
– Walk around the Ka’aba 7 times
• Counter-clockwise
Ka’aba
Ka’aba
Ka’aba
• Al-Masjid al-Haram mosque
– Built around the Ka’aba
• Direction facing the Ka’aba = Oibla
Ka’aba
Ka’aba
Ka’aba
Ka’aba
The Black Stone – Hagar al Aswad
Zamzam Well
• Miraculously-generated source of water
from God
– Gave water to Ishmael when he was banished
and crying for water
– Visited by pilgrims during the Hajj
– Contemporary miracle – never gone dry
Zamzam Well
Day 9
Mt. Arafat – Mount of Mercy
Muhammad’s farewell sermon in 632
Plain of Arafat
Plain of Arafat
Pillars of Mina
7 stones thrown at Satan – rejection of evil/temptation of
Abraham to disobey sacrifice orders
Qur’an
This opening
chapter of The
Quran, the Fatiah,
is central in Islamic
prayer. It contains
the essence of The
Quran and is recited
during every prayer.
Review Question
• What is a Minaret?
Blue Mosque, Istanbul, Turkey
Review Question
• What is a Mihrab?
Mihrab – on Qibla wall
Mihrab in the Dome
of the Chain, Temple
Mount, Jerusalem.
Mihrab in Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, Turkey
La Mezquita, Cordoba, Spain
Review Question
• What is a Minbar?
Minbar
– pulpit
for the
Imam
Minbar of the Molla
Çelebi Mosque in
Istanbul, Turkey.
Minbar of the Great Mosque of Kairouan (Mosque of Uqba); in
Kairouan, Tunisia.
Terms
• Muhammad
– The Prophet of Islam
• Mecca (Mekkah)
– Holy city of Islam
• Hijra (Hegira)
– Muhammad’s flight from Mecca to Medina
• Medina
– City of the Prophet (formerly Yathrib)
Terms
• Sunni
– “majority” 80% of Muslims – Caliph chosen by majority
consensus
• Shi’ite
– “partisans” 12% of Muslims – Caliph must be a
descendant of Muhammad
• Sufi
– Mystical Islam; Inner Spirit
• Shari’a
– “the clear path” Islamic Laws