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HUBERT KAIRUKI MEMORIAL
UNIVERSITY.
DEPARTEMENT OF BEHAVIOURAL
SCIENCE.
TOPIC: DISORDERS OF THINKING.
FACILITATOR: DR. ISAAC LEMA.
PRESENTORS:
1. Samha Nassor Hemed
2. Rose Remmy Shundi
3. Muzdalifa Tawakal Kombo
4. Jurnberth Mujuni Mazima
5. Kelvin Harold Mariki
6. Mercy Anyitike Mwakasagule
7. Stephen Timka John
8. Emmanuel Francis Massawe
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this discussion, you should;
• Understand the disorders of stream of
thoughts
• Understand disorders of the possession of
thoughts
• Understand disorders of content of
thoughts
• Understand disorders of form of thoughts.
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Definition of terms
Disorder: refers to a state of mental or
behavioural ill health.
Prepotent: greater power on influence in
something.
Schizophrenia: is a long term disorder that
effects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves.
Think: Is the use of one’s mind actively to form
connected ideas about someone or something.
Sexual deviancy: is the sexual behaviour in which
one is diverging from usual or accepted
standards or moral sexual behaviour eg
homosexuality,rape,prostitution etc
CLASSIFICATION OF DISORDER
Disorder of thinking
Is the disorganized thinking as evidence by
disorganized speech.
It’s classified into the disorder of control of
thinking.
In which one can’t control of his thought
which may be foreign to him.
It is divided into:
i. Stream of thought
ii. Possession of thought
iii. Content of thought
iv. Form of thought
Disorder of the Stream of Thought
It is divided into tempo and continuity
a. Disorder of tempo/ Flight for ideas
it describes excessive speech at rapid rate
that involves casual association between
ideas, links of ideas may involves usage of
ideas, usage of puns or rhymes.
Examples sound of birds chimping.
 Circumstantially
an inability to answer a question with out
giving excessive unnecessary details. Its
explained as the formal thought disorder
result of weakness of judgement and
egocentricity.

Retardation of thinking
It is associated either spontaniously or
in response to an internal stimulus from
the topic track onto another which is
obliquely related or unrelated.
Disorder of continuity of thinking.
Are disorders which do not change or stop
as time passes
Types of Disorders of Continuity
1. Disorder of perseveration
2. Disorder of blocking
 Disorder of Perseverations
This is a repetition of particular response
such as a word, phrase or gesture despite
the absence or cessation of a stimulus.
b.
This situation arise from a failure of the to
either inhibit prepotent response of allow its
usual progress to different behaviour and includes
impairment in set shifting and task switching in
social and other context.
Eg. During conservation, if any issue has been
fully explored and discussed to a point of
resolution, it is not uncommon for something to
trigger the reinvestigation of the matter. It can
happen at any time during conservation.
It occurs due to BRAIN TRAUMA, INJURY
OR DAMAGE.
Symptoms can be; lacking ability to transition
or switch ideas appropriately with the social
context.
 Disorder of blocking.
This is the arrest of train of thought.
It occurs when a person’s speech is
suddenly interrupted by silence that may last
seconds to a minute or longer.
It is normally brought on by discussing or
questioning something of particular large
personal significance and when the person
begins speaking again after the block they
will often speak about a subject unrelated to
what was being discussed when blocking
occurred.
Disorders of the possession of thought
i.
Obsession and compulsion
Obsession: recent persistent thought impulse
or image that enter the mind despite the
person’s efforts to exclude them.
For example there are obsession of: Thoughts,
Rumination, Doubts, Impulses.
Compulsions are repetitive impulse or
cognitive acts which are used to control
anxiety secondary to obsessions.
Most common are; Cleaning, Counting,
Checking locks.
There are five truth about obsessive compulsive disorder.
a.
Obsession are not just worries they are more than that. Eg
when you stand with OCD suffer near the train way
she/he can push you toward on coming train
Compulsive habits can be subtle*
Eg Counting loud, washing out hands until they bleed, cleaning in the
kitchen over and over again
*Subtle means so delicate or precise as to be difficult to analyze or describe
b.
c.
Not all suffers have compulsive habits related to
cleanless or organisation.
Others are self harm, violence, and sexual
deviency.
d.
e.
Obsessive compulsive disorder is more common. For
example according to the research done, 2.3% of american
population is affected by obsessive compulsive disorder.
Adults population suffers/experience either obsessive or
compulsion at some point in their lives
Obsessive compulsive disorder does not have a cure, it can
only be treated effectively
No medication or therapy that can cure OCD however
its highly treatable. Include exposure and response therapy
mindfulness.
It allows the suffer to overcomes their unwanted
thoughts by exposing them to situation and objects that
triggers such thoughts.
It trains them to be open and accepting of their
unwanted thoughts despite the discomfort that it cause
ii.
Thought allienation
a. Thought insertion; delusion that some
thought has been implanted by outside
agency.
b. Thought withdraw; delusion that
thoughts have taken out of his/her mind
(may explain/accompany thought block).
c. Thought broadcast; delusion that his
unspoken thoughts are known to other
people (others are participating in their
thinking).
Disorder of content of thinking.
Delusion is commonly defined as a false
belief and is used in everyday language to
describe a belief that is either false, fanciful
or derived from deception.
Also, according to Carl Jaspers,
A false belief based on incorrect inference
about external reality that is firmly
sustained despite what almost everybody
else believes and despites incontrovertible
and obvious proof or evidence to the
contrary.
Jaspers described 4 types of primary
delusion:
i. Delusional intuition, where delusions
arrive “out of blue” without external
cause.
ii. Delusional perception, where a normal
percept is interpreted with delusional
meaning. Eg, a person sees a red car and
knows that this means their food is
being poisoned by the police.
Delusional memory, where a delusional belief is
based upon the recall of memory or false
memory for a part experience. Eg, a man recalls
seeing a woman laughing at a bus stop several
weeks ago and now realizes that this person
has laughing because the man has animals living
inside him.
iv. Delusional atmosphere, where the world seems
subtry altered, uncanny, portentous or sinister.
This resolves into delusion usually in a
revelatory fashion which seems to explain the
unusual feeling of anticipation.
iii.
Secondary Delusions.
Sometime called delusion like ideas.
Are considered to be at least in principle,
understandable in the context of a persons
life history, personality, mood state or
presence of others.
Psychopathology eg, a person becomes
depressed, suffers very low mood and self
esteem and subsequently believes they are
responsible for some terrible crime which
they did not commit.
Categories of Delusion
Delusions are categorized into four
different groups
i. Bizarre delusion: Such delusions are
deemed bizarre. If they are clearly
impossible and not understandable to
some culture peers and do not derive
from ordinary life experience.
Example; Named DSM-5 is a belief that
someone replaced all of ones of internal
organs with someone else’s without
leaving near.
They are false and not possible.
ii.
iii.
Non-Bizzare delusion: a delusion that
though false at least is possible. Example,
the affected person’s mistakenly believes
that he is under constant police
surveillance.
Mood- congruent delusion: any delusion
with content consistence with either
depressive or manic state. Example. A
depressive person of him or a person in
manic state believe she is a powerful deity.
iv.
Mood- vevtoal delusion: a delusion that
does not relate to the suffer’s
emptional state.
For example, a beliefe that an exra lin is
growing out of the back of one’ss head
is neutral to either depression or
manic.
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Themes/Contents of Delusion
In addition to their categories, delusion often manifest
according to constitent theme. Some common delusion
themes are:
Delusion of control- False belief that another person of
group of people controls one’s general thoughts, feelings,
impulses or behaviour
Cotard delusion- False belief that one does not exist or has
died
Delusion of jelousy- False belief that a spouse or lover is
having an affair with no proof to backup their claim
Delusion of thought insertion- Belief that another thinks
through the mind of the person
Delusion of reference- False belief that insignificant remarks
events or objects in ones environment have personal
meaning or significant
Erotomania- False belief that another person is in love with
them.
Disorders of form of thinking
 Also known as formal thought disorder (FTD).
 It is a synonym for disorders of conceptual or
abstract thinking which occur in schizophrenia
(psychosis) and in coarse brain disease.
 According to Cameron, symptoms of FTD were
grouped into incoordination, interpenetration,
fragmentation and overiconclusion.
 Schizophrenia FTD can be:
Negative; where by a patient lost his previous
ability to think but do not produce any unusual
concepts.
Positive; where by a patient produces false
concepts by blending together incongruous
elements.
 Bleuler
regarded schizophrenia as disorder of
association (lack of connection between
associations).
 He believed that the results of schizophrenia
were due to:
Condensation of symbols; 2 ideas with
something in common are blended in false
concept)
Displacement of symbol; one idea is used for
an associated idea
Misuse of symbols; using concrete aspects of
the symbol instead of symbolic meaning.
Schneider claimed that the features of FTD
could be
• Derailment, where by thoughts slides on
to a subsidiary thought.
• Substitution, a major thought is substituted
by a subsidiary one.
• Omission, which consists in the senseless
omission or part of it.
• Fusion, heterogeneous elements of thoughts
are interwoven with each other.
• Drivelling, there is disorder intermixture of
constituent parts of one complex thought.
Schneider also suggested 3 features of healthy thinking
which are:
a. Constancy: This is the characteristic persistence of
a completed thought whether or not it is simple or
complicated in its contents.
b. Organization: The contents of thought are related
to each other in consciousness and do not blend
with each other, but are separated in an organized
way.
c. Continuity: There is a continuity of the sense
continuum. So that even the most heterogeneous
subsidiary thoughts, sudden ideas or observations
which emerge are arranged in order on the whole
content of consciousness.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
The thought disorder concept has been
criticized as being based on circular or
incoherent definition.
 Circular- Speech that brings or convey
meaning to listens.
 Incoherent- The speech that is
unconnected and conveys no meaning to
the listener.
RECOMENDATION
Individuals with autism spectrum disorder
show/ display language disturbances.
Children and Adolence with autism specrum
show significantly more illogical thinking and
loose associations than control subjects,
where,
 Illogical thinking is related to cognitive
functioning and executive control.
 Loose association is related to
communication symptoms in adults is
related to stress and axiety.
REFERENCES
• A.C.P. Sims & W.I.Hume lecture notes on
behavioural science.
• Fish’s Clinical Psychopathology
• Oxford english dictionary (11th edition)
• www.wikipedia/thoughtdisorders.com