Download Tissues and organs continued

MY OBJECTIVES
-understand and explain cell theory
-explain the different kingdoms of organisms and
their classification
-how cells, tissues and organ systems work
together
-explain plant and animal organs, and organ
systems
 All living organisms are comprised of cells
 Cells are the basic units of structure in all things living
 All cells come from cells (cell division)
 cells contains hereditary information which is passed from
cell to cell during cell division.
 All cells are basically the same in chemical composition.
all energy flow (metabolism & biochemistry) of life occurs
within cells.
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http://www.bio.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/unity/cell.text.htm
 There are millions of different types of organisms,
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however they have been classified and put into
groups. I will cover this more when I talk about
classification. There are six, overarching, fundamental
types, or kingdoms of organisms.
-animals
-plants
-fungi
-archaebacteria
-eubacteria
-protists
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http://www.bio.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/unity/cell.text.htm
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 The animal kingdom is by far the kingdom with the largest
number or species. Most of us are familiar with several of
its members animals are heterotrophs.
 The plant kingdom also has a large number of members.
Plants are autotrophs meaning that they produce their own
food. All plants, like animals, are multi-cellular.
 Archaebacteria is a kingdom that consists of single celled
bacteria. They can live in harsh conditions such as acids,
boiling water, etc.
 Eubacteria is a kingdomthat consists also of bacteria,
however, these are more common and have a different
chemical makeup than other bacteria.
 Fungi is a kingdom that consists of multi celled organisms.
These organisms are heterotrophs as are animals and feed
off of other decaying matter. Mots molds, mildews, and
mushrooms are examples of fungi
 Protists are a kingdom that consist of many differing
organisms that don’t classify as anything else. Most protists
are unicellular. Slime molds and algae are good examples of
protists.
http://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/six_kingdoms/index.htm
Classification of organisms
 The classification of a species depends on many factors. All
organisms can be classified under a linear system:
 The order of this system is as follows:
 Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.
 As in the example below, the animal kingdom is
divided into several sub-categories. These categories
become more specific until the species is identified.
http://www.fcps.edu/islandcreekes/ecology/classification.htm
http://schools-wikipedia.org/images/38/3877.png
Classification of organisms
http://mac122.icu.ac.jp/gen-ed/classif-gifs/classific-a.gif
Cellular differentiation
all multi- celled organisms have many cells and many different
types of cells. How is it possible that all of these can come from one initial
cell, a fertilized egg or zygote? The reason that this is possible is through a
process called differentiation. Cell differentiation is when the initial zygote
divides and forms two cells, then four, then eight, and so on. Eventually these
cells begin to form into the basic shape of an embryo. At this point they begin
to form the basic shape of organs and body parts. By regulating which genes
are active, the cell can take on a specific function, this is called
specialization. http://mansfield.osu.edu/~sabedon/campbl21.htm
CELLS AND TISSUES
Tissue is a group of cells that all serve the
same function and are part of an organ or
organism.
 Cells are able to send signals to each other by
chemical codes through tiny tubules called
Plasmodesmata.
 Cells specialize by suppressing some of their
genes and activating others.
 A zygote must contain all the information
necessary for an organism to be created. This
information is passed on by differentiation and
put to use during specialization.
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TISSUES
AND ORGANS
All organs consist of tissues. An organ is a group of
tissues that works together to perform a particular
function. An organ contains at least two different
types of tissues.
An organ system is a set of organs that work
together to serve a specific set of function(s).
Examples of organ systems might be the
cardiovascular system, and the nervous system.
Many of the body’s organ systems are separated by
membranes or muscles. All of the body’s organ
systems have components that are vital to the
survival of the organism. If the nervous system
fails, the body has no means of communicating
vital information to other components of the body
http://www.biol.andrews.edu/anat/hb/organization.html
TISSUES
AND ORGANS CONTINUED
If , say, the cardiovascular system
fails, then no oxygen rich blood
courses through the body and the
cells in the body’s tissues and
organs die of starvation. This is a
good example of how all of the
organ systems of the body depend
on each other.
An illustration of the
human cardiovascular
system
http://hcd2.bupa.co.uk/images/fact
sheets/cardiovascular_427x500.jpg
TISSUES
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AND ORGANS CONTINUED:
MY EXPERIMENT
Since the 27th of October I have been studying
aquatic snail larvae under magnification to study a
period of their development from larvae to adults.
Snails are mollusks, the phylum mullusca has
been around, according to fossil records, since 545
million years ago (1) The experiment did not
proceed as planned, however I did get some
results. The environment of a Petri dish is not a
suitable habitat for the larvae to survive, the larvae
did not have a high survival rate and were all dead
by the third class period meaning that I only have
two days worth of documentation. Although I did
see some development throughout that time, it is
based on the only survivor of the original three
larvae.
http://geology.er.usgs.gov/paleo/mollusks.shtml
TISSUES AND ORGANS CONTINUED:
MY EXPERIMENT
10/ 27/ 10
Here are the pictures of the larvae:
 Moe:
Art:
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Linda
TISSUES AND ORGANS CONTINUED:
MY EXPERIMENT
11/ 2/ 10
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Here is the picture of the remaining larvae:
TISSUES AND ORGANS CONTINUED:
MY EXPERIMENT
Although the experiment was compromised by the death of
some of the larvae (Art and Linda) I can conclude that Moe
did develop over the course of the experiment. I conclude
this because he had five visible organs at the beginning of
the experiment and six at the end. It is faint, but looks like
a further development of the lower digestive tract, maybe a
type of intestines, or excretory path (note the small dark
object in the orange circle in the picture above). If based
on the fact that new organs were developing in Moe, cell
division, differentiation, and specialization must have been
taking place in the process. I did not see a significant
increase in the size of the larvae, however. If I could do this
again I would probably find a different container or habitat
for the larvae so that they would stay alive longer. I would
also start with a larger sample group.
Plant organs and organ systems
 Plants have three basic organs: roots, stems, and
leaves
 The plant body is made of organs that consist of
different tissues, like in animals, these tissues are
groups of cells with similar roles.
 Monocots and dicots: Dicots are plants that have two
seed leaves, monocots have only one.
ROOTS
Plant organs and organ systems continued
 Roots serve several purposes in plants. They anchor
the plant, absorb minerals and water, and store food.
Many dicots have a taproot, this long, vertical root has
many tiny branch roots.
Most monocots such as grasses have a fibrous root
system. This mat like system serves the same
functions as the taproot, however this further
exposes the plant to water, minerals and nutrients as
well as anchoring it firmly.
Plant organs and organ systems continued
STEM
The stem of the plant also serves several purposes. The
stem holds the plant upright and acts similarly to the
skeletal system of the human body. It conveys
nutrients, and water to the leaves, and food to the
roots to be stored.
Plant organs and organ systems continued
LEAVES
The leaves are where most of the photosynthetic
processes of the plant take place. This process
creates sugar (plant food) from sunlight, carbon
dioxide, and the nutrients from the soil. The reason
that plant appear green is that they reflect the green
light that is not absorbed by the plant’s chlorophyll
during the process of photosynthesis, most other
colors are absorbed and used as energy to create a
reaction between the water and the carbon dioxide
Plant organs and organ systems continued
The released energy is stored in the bonds of sugar
molecules. There is a surplus of oxygen created by the
reaction, this is where a the oxygen in our atmosphere
comes from (or is contributed to by) The rest of the
oxygen is created by algae (kingdom protista/ protist).
Essentially each plant is an organ system. All the
parts work together in order to create photosynthesis.
This is how the plants are able to survive. In order for
earth and its inhabitants to remain healthy, the balance
between the consumers of oxygen and the creators of
oxygen must be maintained.
http://biology.clc.uc.edu/Courses/bio104/photosyn.htm