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Sparta
Military virtues
& discipline
Athens
Glorified the
individual &
extended
political rights
Sparta: A Warrior Society
• Dorian invaders settled & developed city-state
or Sparta
• Turned conquered people into slaves (helots)
– Brutal & strict control
Peloponnesus
Sparta
• Government
– Two Kings and a council of elders that acted
as advisers to them.
– Assembly of citizens (males native born
Spartans over the age of 30) approved major
decisions.
– Five ephors, or officials ran the daily affairs.
Sparta
• Male Daily Life
– Newborn children examined
– If sickly, abandoned to die
– Wanted future soldiers
– Boys started training at 7 (Lifetime in military)
• Moved to barracks
• Diet, hard exercise, and harsh discipline
created strong soldiers
– At 20, men could marry but still had to live in the
barracks until 30, & eat there until they were 40.
• Spartan women
– Expected to produce strong warriors
– Required to exercise and strengthen their bodies
– They had to obey their husbands and fathers.
– But, could inherit property
– Ran family estates when men were at war
• Spartan Life
– They did not trade
and forbade travel.
They believed there was
no need for wealth.
Little use for arts or new ideas
“Spartans are willing to die for their city, because they have no reason to
live.”
Athens
Tyrants:
• Athenian governments were led by a
series who
People
of tyrants
gain power by
– Imposed reforms
force
– Gained support from merchants and poor
• Council of 500
– Legislature, a law making body that debated
laws before approving or rejecting them.
507
bc – Comprised of male citizens
Cleisthenes
• Democracy
Limited
– Only citizens could participate and only democracy
landowning men were considered citizens
– Women, merchants, and slaves were not
allowed
Athenian Women and Education
• Women played significant role in religion
• Most managed households & stayed secluded
– Poor women worked outside of home
• Girls did not attend school, boys did if their
families could afford it.
– Reading, writing, poetry, public speaking,
and music were all important subjects.
Athens encouraged
men to explore many
areas of knowledge
Forces for Unity
• Greeks were polytheistic
• Gods lived on Mount Olympus
• Zeus was the God of Sky and
the most powerful of all the
gods.
Hera: Queen
of gods &
goddesses
Wife & sister
of Zeus
Zeus’ children
Ares: God of
war
Aphrodite:
goddess of love
Athena:
goddess of
wisdom
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Forces for Unity
• Greek city-states
– Independent rivals
– BUT same language,
heroes, festivals, & gods
• Barbaroi- a term the Greeks
used to describe people
who did not speak Greek
– Greeks felt superior to
everyone else.
Section 3: Conflict in the Greek World
Persian Wars
The Persian Wars
• Battle at Marathon
– The Persians had a much larger
army than Athens. However,
the Greeks were able to beat
the Persians.
• After the death of the Persian
leader Darius I, his son Xerxes,
sent a larger Persian army to
attack the Greeks.
• Battle at Thermopylae
– Sparta and Athens joined
together. King Leonidas
led the Spartan army but
the Persians defeated
them and continued
marching until they
reached and burned
Athens, the Athenians had
already left the city
though.
499479bc
Section 3: Conflict in the Greek World
The Persian Wars
•
•
•
•
Greeks won
Brief moment of unity
Increased their own sense of uniqueness
Athens emerged as most powerful city-state
Delian League
• Athens began creating
alliances with other
city-states.
– Alliances are formal
agreements
between two or
more nations to
come to each others
defense.
Age of Pericles and Direct Democracy
• Athenian Golden Age
• (460-429bc)
– Pericles led a direct
democracy where citizens
took part in all parts of
the government.
– All men were able to
participate in the
government and receive a
stipend, or salary for
doing so.
• Culture Thrives
– Parthenon-temple to
Athena was built on the
Acropolis.
Athens became cultural center of
Greece
• Peloponnesian
Peloponnesian War
League
431-404bc • Sparta v Athens
– fought for 27
years
• Sparta allies
with Persia &
wins
• Athens, no
longer
dominated the
Greek world
– But remained
cultural center
Section 4: The Glory That Was Greece
Philosophers: Lovers of
Wisdom
• Socrates
– Athenian stonemason
and philosopher.
– Socratic method
– Lead people to selfknowledge
– Condemned to death
when 70 years old
“The
unexamined
life is not
worth living.”
Philosophers
• Plato
– Socrates student
– Set up the Academy, a
school where he taught
and wrote about rational
thought
– Distrusted democracy
– Most famous book was
The Republic
• Described ideal state lead
by philosopher-king
Ideal state:
Workers,
soldiers, &
philosophers
• Aristotle
– Plato’s most famous student
– set up a school, the Lyceum
– Golden Mean- good conduct and a middle
ground between the extremes.
Greek Architecture
• Plato: every object on Earth has
an ideal form
Parthenon
Greek Literature
• Classical style
• Began with Homer
– Inspired later writers
• Drama
• Tragedies
• Comedy
Section 5: Alexander and the Hellenistic Age
• Alexander was 20, when he took over for his assassinated father Phillip II.
• Alexander wanted to conquer the Persian empire. The emperor, Darius III
was weak and there were rebellions often.
• For 11 years, Alexander marched east conquering cities never losing a
battle. ,After being gone for so long, his troops wanted to turn back, he
died at 32 from a fever before ever making it back home.
The Legacy of Alexander
•
•
•
•
•
Even after his death, his legacy
was the Greek culture that
reached all parts of his empire.
Many cities were named after him,
with many temples and statues as
citizens assimilated or absorbed
Greek ideas.
The Hellenistic civilization is a
mixture of Greek, Persian,
Egyptian, and Indian culture.
Alexandria, Egypt was a cultural
captial with museums, a zoo, a
library and more focusing on
knowledge.
Women were learning to read and
write, be philosophers and even
reign with power, Queen Cleopatra
VII is one example.
Hellenistic Arts and Sciences
• Pythagoras: A formula to calculate the
relationship of the sides of a right
triangle.
• Astronomers had many ideas and
discussions about the Earth’s location,
axis, size, and shape.
• Archimedes: Used physics to make
inventions and he mastered the lever
and pulley.
• Hippocrates: A physician that studied
illnesses and worked to find cures. The
Hippocratic oath that doctors take
today, is similar to one that he swore to.