Download CH 17 Section1 How Organisms Interact in

How Organisms
Interact in
Communities
Predation
Coevolution
– the process in
which long term,
interdependent changes take
place in two species as a result
of their interactions; some
interactions among species are
the result of a long evolutionary
history in which many of the
participants adjust to one
another over time
Example:
With its long beak, the humming bird is able to
reach the nectar deep within the flower. This is
an example of coevolution.
Interactions Between Populations:
predation
– the act of one organism
killing another for food
competition – when two or more
organisms in the same community seek
the same resource (e.g., food, water,
nesting space, ground space)
symbiosis – the intimate living together
of members of two or more species
Predation in Plants &
Plant Defenses Against Herbivores:
thorns/spines/prickles
sticky
hairs
tough leaves
secondary compounds –
chemical defenses used by
some plants
Symbiosis:
Two
or more species living
together in a close, long term
association; some relationships
can be beneficial to both
organisms or benefit one
organism and leave the other
unharmed or unaffected.
Symbiotic Relationships:
 mutualism
– a symbiotic relationship in which
both participating species benefit
ex: ants and aphids
 commensalism – a symbiotic relationship in
which one species benefits and the other is
neither harmed or helped
ex: clown fish and sea anemone tentacles
 parasitism – a symbiotic relationship
between two species in which one benefits
and the other is harmed
ex: dog and tick
Examples
of
Symbiotic
Relationships
Use the symbols below to help
you decide which symbiotic
relationship is present:
(+,+) Mutualism - both benefit
(+,0) Commensalism – one benefits,
the other is neither harmed or
helped
(+,-) Parasitism – one benefits, the
other is harmed
 The
drawing shows the Nile crocodile opening its
mouth to permit the Egyptian plover (bird) to feed
on any leeches attached to its gums.
crocodile/plover
 Answer:
Mutualism
+
+
 Heliconius
butterflies scatter their eggs on young
Passiflora plants. The developing larva may then
eat the entire shoot.
butterfly/plant
_
+
 Answer:
Parasitism
 Epiphytes
are plants that live perched on sturdier
plants. They do not take any nourishment from their
host and simply benefit from being better exposed
to sunlight.
Epiphyte/other plant
+
 Answer:
Commensalism
o
 Clown
fish are small reef fish that seek protection
from predators by sheltering themselves among the
stinging tentacles of sea anemones.
clown fish/ sea anemone
+
 Answer:
Commensalism
o
 Clown
fish are small reef fish that seek protection
from predators by sheltering themselves among the
stinging tentacles of sea anemones. Clown fish are
very territorial and can potentially scare off
predators of sea anemones.
clown fish/sea anemone
+
 Answer:
Mutualism
+
 Aphids
feed on plants which experience yellowing,
stunting, mottling, browning, and curling of leaves.
They may also inhibit its ability to produce crops.
aphids/plant
_
+
 Answer:
Parasitism
 Phoresy,
is a type of biological hitchhiking in which
one organism receives access to transportation on
the body of another animal, without the transporting
animal being adversely affected by this
arrangement.
+
o
hitchhiker/transporting animal
 Answer:
Commensalism
 The
hermit crab is less likely to be eaten by
cuttlefish when an anemone rides on its shell. The
anemone gains access to a wider feeding range.
+
+
hermit crab/anemone
 Answer:
Mutualism
Commensalism
Parasitism
Mutualism