Download Vertebrates: Part II

Vertebrates
Vocabulary
What can you tell me about
Vertebrates?
Phylum Chordata
 True tissue
 Bilateral symmetry
 Coelomates
 Deuterostomes
 Vertebral column

Phylum Chordata: Major Groups
Jawless fish
 Cartilage fish
 Bone fish
 Amphibians
 Reptiles
 Birds
 Mammals

Vocab: Anatomical Directions
Dorsal – top or back side
 Ventral – bottom or belly side
 Anterior – Face end
 Posterior – Tail end

Body Systems
Skeletal System (skeleton)
 Circulatory System (blood/heart)
 Integumentary System (skin)
 Respiratory System (gas exchange)
 Nervous System (brain)
 Reproductive System (fertilization)

Skeletal System
Endoskeleton – internal skeletal
structure (bones and cartilage)
 Cartilage – tough flexible material that
makes up part of the skeleton
 Vertebral column – spine, or backbone
 Axial Skeleton – Skull and vertebral
column
 Appendicular Skeleton – arms and legs

Pectoral girdle – where upper limbs attach
 Pelvic girdle – where lower limbs attach

Circulatory System
Vein – carry blood toward heart
 Artery – carry blood away from heart
 Capillaries – tiny blood vessels where gas
exchange occurs
 Atrium – receiving chamber of heart
 Ventricle – sending out chamber of heart

Integumentary System

Integument – body covering
Respiratory System
Gills – aquatic oxygen filter
 Lungs – land oxygen organ

Reproductive System
Internal vs. External Fertilization
 How many eggs are fertilized?

Vertebrate Behaviors
1.
Inborn behavior – is inherited and
determined by species genetics
A. Reflexes: simple, automatic reactions
•
Ex.) blink when eye is touched
B. Instincts: automatic but time consuming
and complex
•
Ex.) flying south, building a nest
Vertebrate Behaviors (cont.)
2.
Learned behavior – is not inherited,
they can be flexible and changed
A. Conditioned response: response to a
specific stimuli in a specific way
•
•
Usually learned through reward or punishment
Ex.) dog tricks
B. Intelligent behavior: is the most complex
vertebrate behavior.
• Problem-solving, judgment, and decision-making
Fish
 Aquatic
Animals
 Integument: scales or skin
– Mucus coating for protection
 Respiratory:
gills
 Reproduction: external fertilization
– Most fish lay 100-1000 eggs a year
– No parental care
– Low success rate
Fish

Circulatory system:
– Fish C.S. picture
– Two Chambered heart
– Flow of blood?
Fish

Nervous system:
– Brain picture
•
•
•
•
•
Olfactory
Cerebrum
Optic
Cerebellum
Medulla Oblingata
Fish – 3 Classes
1.
2.
3.
Agnatha (Jawless Fish)
Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous Fish)
Osteichthyes (Bony Fish)
1. Agnatha (Cyclostomata)
Jawless Fish
 Ex.) Lampreys and Hagfish

Agnatha (Cyclostomata)

Most primitive vertebrates
 Native Environment: Atlantic Ocean
 No hinged jaw or paired fins
 Parasitic

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9JQ6oHjpeqU

Most fish have jaws which may have
evolved from skeletal gill supports
2. Chondrichthyes

Cartilage endoskeleton
– Just the jaw is bone

Ex.) Sharks, rays, and skates
3. Osteichthyes
Fish with skeletons made of bone
 Ex.) Most common fish, bass, trout,
salmon, etc…

Fish Structure
Pelvic Fin
Shark vs. True fish
Skeleton
 Mouth location
 Caudal fin
 Body shape
 Scales

Perch Dissection
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J2U
RdwTA3Q8 How to cut
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pNZ
QEmGp11k Anatomy

Amphibians
“Two lives” (tadpole  adult)
 Ex.) frogs, toads, salamanders, and
caecilians
 Feet, if present, are often webbed
 Toes are soft and lack claws

Classifications

Apoda: rare legless tropical amphibians
– caecilians

Urodela: amphibians that retain their
tails.
– salamanders, mud-puppies, and newts

Anura: amphibians that lack tails in their
adult stage.
– toads and frogs

Integument: Mucus covered skin
A. Prevents dehydration
B. Protection from parasites and predators
C. Hydrodynamic – swim faster

Nervous System:
– Brain/spinal cord picture

Respiration: gills, lungs, skin, and/or
mouth

Circulatory:
– Three chambered heart
– Picture
– Problems:
• Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood get
mixed!

Reproduction:
– Most externally fertilize
– Amplexus - The male clasps the female
from behind and presses its thumb into the
female's ears. This stimulates the female to
release her eggs while the male spreads
sperm over the top.
– Embryos and larva develop in water
– Metamorphosis – change
Frog Life Cycle
Tadpole vs. Adult
Circulatory
 Diet
 Habitat
 Legs
 Respiratory


Counter shading – dorsal and ventral color
for protection and warmth. (eggs and adults)
Frog Dissection

Mouth Anatomy
– Tongue
– Tympanic membrane
– Vomerine teeth
– Maxillary teeth
– Vocal sac openings
– Eye sockets
Digestive System
Esophagus – food travels to stomach
 Stomach – break down food
 Pylorus – exit valve of stomach
 Duodenum - beginning of small
intestine; where bile from the liver is
added for further digestion
 Liver - produces bile that aids digestion
and stores carbohydrates

Small intestine – needed for nutrient
absorption
 Large intestine - where water is
reabsorbed and waste is solidified
 Cloaca – collects fecal waste, urine,
and sex cells
 Pancreas - produces insulin that
controls the level of sugar in the blood

Excretory System
Kidney – removes waste and excess
water from the blood
 25% of the frog's body weight is
excreted in urine by the kidney each
day
 Excess water is absorbed by the skin

Dissection Video
Youtube:
 “Frog Anatomy – Part 1”

– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uLqS5AVRio

“Frog Anatomy – Part 2”
– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bOJyhk
4QZvc
Vertebrates: Part II
Reptiles &
Birds
Reptiles & Birds
Toes have claws
 Respiration – Well developed lungs
 Digestion

– similar organs to amphibians
– Cloaca: total waste collector
– Can be carnivores, herbivores, or omnivores
Reptiles & Birds

Nervous system – brain pic

Reproduction
– Internal fertilization
– Parental care (more in the birds)
– Eggs: Reptiles (10-200), Birds (1-20)
Amniotic egg
Amnion – membrane
around embryo
 Yolk sac – nutrients
 Allantois – waste sac
 Chorion – outermost
membrane

Common ancestor
Reptiles
– body heat obtained
outside of the body
 Integument - Dry, scaly skin
 Ectothermic
– Prevents water loss
– Reptiles shed their skin to grow
 Circulatory
– 3.5 chambered heart
– Incomplete septum: still get mixing
Dinosaurs
may have been
endotherms

Jacobson’s organ – saclike structures
on the roof of a snake’s mouth used to
sense odors.
Orders of Reptiles (living)
1.
Squamata: overlapping scales
– Lizards and snakes
2.
Crocodilia: large skulls
– Alligators and crocodiles
3.
Testudinata: shells
– Turtles and tortoises
4.
Sphenodonta: third eye
– Tuataras
Birds
“….so they can fly!”
Birds
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Body covering of feathers…
Thin, hollow bones that are light
and strong…
Forelimbs function as wings…
Endothermic – internal body heat
Toothless bill
4 chambered heart…
Feather Types
 Down
- warmth
 Contour - body
 Quill - flight
Altricial vs. Precocial
Altricial – hatchlings born blind and
featherless. They must get food from
the parents and stay in the nest.
 Precocial – hatchlings born with eyes
open and down feathers. Leave nest
within two days. They follow parents
and find their own food.

Mammals
Mammary gland: produce milk for
offspring
 Integument: skin and fur/hair

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Insulation
Camoflauge
Sensory
Waterproofing
Signaling
Defense
Respiration: well developed lungs
 Endothermic
 Digestion:

– Must ingest a lot of food to maintain body
temp.
– Specialized teeth
– Cecum – first section of large intestine with
bacteria to help digest food
– No cloaca

Circulatory: 4 chambered heart

Nervous system:
– Mammal brain pic

Reproduction:
– Internal fertilization
– Excellent parental care
– 1-20 offspring
– Offspring development determines the
different groups
Mammalian subgroups

Monotremes – lay eggs
– Ex. Duck-billed platypus, echidna

Marsupials – very short offspring
development in the uterus. Completes
development in pouch near mammary
glands
– Ex. Kangaroo, koala, opposum

Placental mammals – give birth to fully
developed offspring.
– Placenta – organ that provides food and
oxygen to embryo
– 95% of mammals