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INTERDEPENDENCE OF SYSTEMS IN ANIMALS Pre-AP Biology - 2013 OBJECTIVE 1: DEVELOP AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE CHARACTERISTICS INCLUDING METHOD OF FEEDING, RESPIRATION, CIRCULATION, EXCRETION, RESPONSE, MOVEMENT, REPRODUCTION AND ROLE IN THE ENVIRONMENT OF MEMBERS OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM. A. 1. If you were given organisms to identify, how would you know that you had animals in the group? 2. What do scientists currently think the first animal was like? What evidences support these ideas? 3. As we begin our study, we will consider the evolution of animals. Draw a cladogram representing the evolution of the Kingdom Animalia phylums. (See page 747) 4. Which group of animals is more closely related to annelids: flatworms or arthropods? 5. What does this cladogram show you about chordates with respect to mollusks and echinoderms? 6. Clearly some of the animals are considerably more complex than others. Read pages 660-61 and 748-49. Discuss the trends listed below that led to this increase in complexity. Tissue specialization Germ layer formation and early embryological development o Ectoderm o Mesoderm o Endoderm o Protostome o Deuterostome 7. What phyla of organisms are considered invertebrates? Body plans – symmetry o Asymmetry o Radial symmetry o Bilateral symmetry Cephalization Body cavity formation o Acoelomate o Pseudocoelomate o Coelomate 8. Why do we classify them as invertebrates? 9. What classes of organisms are considered part of the phylum chordata? 10. Why do we classify them as chordates? OBJECTIVE 2: EXPLAIN HOW THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM KEEP THE BODY IN HOMEOSTASIS IN THE ANIMAL KINGDOM B. 1. The neuron is the functional unit of the nervous system. Sketch a neuron. Label the axon, axon terminals, cell body, dendrite, nucleus, myelin sheath, and node. 2. What is a nerve impulse? 3. How does one neuron communicate with other neurons? Define synapse and describe the events that occur in the transmission of a nerve impulse from one neuron to the next. 4. Describe the importance of the myelin sheath. 5. What is the difference between a neuron (nerve cell) and a nerve? C. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Describe the function of the endocrine system. What is the relationship between a hormone and a target cell? Distinguish between an exocrine gland and an endocrine gland. How is the endocrine system controlled? What is the role of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system? Why is the pituitary gland often referred to as the “master gland”? Create a graphic to show the negative feedback loops for the thyroid gland hormones and the pancreatic hormones, insulin and glucagon. (Two different loops) INTERDEPENDENCE OF SYSTEMS IN ANIMALS Pre-AP Biology - 2013 D. Describe and compare the structure of the Mammalian Nervous and Endocrine systems to the invertebrate groups, vs. the vertebrates: fish, amphibians, reptiles and birds OBJECTIVE 3: DEMONSTRATE AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IN THE ANIMAL KINGDOM E. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Explain the “germ theory of disease” p.1031 Name the two primary agents of disease. Name three ways in which disease is spread. p.1034 Explain the first and second line of defense found in living things. p.1036-1037 What is the role of the immune system? p. 1036 Why is it appropriate to call the first and second line of defense the non-specific defenses of the immune system? p.1036 What is the difference between humoral and cell-mediated immunity? 1039-1040 Describe antigens and antibodies. Where are they produced? fig 40-8 What is meant by immunity? What is passive immunity and how do you get it? p.1042 What is active immunity? Give examples and describe how it is obtained. 1041 F. Describe and compare the structure of the Immune System to the invertebrate groups, vs. the vertebrates: fish, amphibians, reptiles and birds OBJECTIVE 4: DEMONSTRATE AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM INCLUDING THE BLOOD, HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS IN THE ANIMAL KINGDOM G. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Describe the functions of the circulatory system Describe the structure of the human heart. How is it different from fish and reptiles? What causes a heart attack? Distinguish between Hypertension and Atherosclerosis? (p.950) Describe the difference between arteries, veins and capillaries in regard to function and structure. (p.946-947) How is each vessel adapted to its function? (ex: wall thickness or presence of valves) Describe how to prevent cardiovascular disease. (p.950) List the levels of organization for the cardiovascular system (see research A). How does the heart know to contract or beat? List the 4 major components of blood. What are the functions of each part? (Chapter 37-2) Describe why and how blood clotting occurs. (p953) What is the function of the lymphatic system? (p. 954-955) What is a lymph node? Why might it become swollen? (p.955) H. Describe and compare the structure of the Mammalian Circulatory system to the invertebrate groups, vs. the vertebrates: fish, amphibians, reptiles and birds OBJECTIVE 5: DEMONSTRATE AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM IN THE ANIMAL KINGDOM I. 1. How is the respiration system related to cellular respiration? p.956 2. List the structures of the pathway in which air travels, beginning in the mouth and ending in the alveoli. p.957 - 958 1. What is the function of the epiglottis? 2. Why are mucous and cilia present in the cells that line the respiratory system? p.957 INTERDEPENDENCE OF SYSTEMS IN ANIMALS Pre-AP Biology - 2013 3. Describe gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide) in the alveoli. p.958 4. How is breathing controlled? Explain how the term negative feedback is involved in this process. 5. What are the effects of tobacco on the body? p.961-963 J. Describe and compare the structure of the Mammalian Respiratory system to the invertebrate groups, vs. the vertebrates: fish, amphibians, reptiles and birds OBJECTIVE 6: DEMONSTRATE AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM IN THE ANIMAL KINGDOM K. 1. Why must living things eat (in terms of cellular respiration)? p.971 2. Make a chart of the 6 major nutrients. Describe each nutrient, what it is used for in the body, and what foods provide each nutrient. p.972 – 975 3. Complete “Analyzing data” on p. 977 L. 1. What is the role of enzymes in a chemical reaction? p.981 fig 38-12 2. Construct a table of the different organs, beginning with the mouth, and ending with the anus. Be sure to include the liver, gall bladder and pancreas. For each organ, describe its structure, location and function in digestion. Be detailed. 3. What is the role of bacteria in the large intestine? p.984 4. What is the cause of stomach (peptic) ulcers? p.984 M. Describe and compare the structure of the Mammalian Digestive system to the invertebrate groups, vs. the vertebrates: fish, amphibians, reptiles and birds OBJECTIVE 7: DEMONSTRATE AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM IN THE ANIMAL KINGDOM N. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. What are the 3 metabolic wastes? p.985 What three main organs make up the excretory system? p.986 Describe the structure of the kidney. What is the functional unit of the kidney? How does this unit work to cleanse the blood? Describe how the kidney function is controlled. p.988 O. Describe and compare the structure of the Mammalian Excretory system to the invertebrate groups, vs. the vertebrates: fish, amphibians, reptiles and birds OBJECTIVE 8: DESCRIBE THE HUMAN MALE AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES AND EXPLAIN THE REPRODUCTIVE PROCESS, FERTILIZATION, AND IMPLANTATION OF THE EMBRYO. P. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Explain how the sperm and egg are formed. Using words and arrows trace the path of the sperm and egg Where does fertilization occur? Where implantation occur? What is the correct sequence of the divisions of the zygote? When during the menstrual cycle can pregnancy occur? What is the relationship of menstruation to ovulation Q. Describe and compare the structure of the Mammalian Reproductive system to the invertebrate groups, vs. the vertebrates: fish, amphibians, reptiles and birds