Download Final Exam Review - Harrison High School

Zoology Final Exam Review
Evolution & Scientific Method
Go over your notes, chapters in the book, powerpoints online…
Terms to know:
Darwin
artificial selection
Survival of the Fittest
index fossil
Cenozoic Era
Cambrian Explosion
Mass extinctions
fossils
Sedimentary rock
Galapagos Islands
Darwin’s finches
Malthus
Lyell & Hutton
Pangea
Lamark
Wallace
On the Origin of the Species
Adaptation
Survival of the fittest
Binomial nomenclature
common names
Cladogram
taxons *know them & their relationships
Derived character
Eukarya
Hypothesis
steps of scientific method
Data
variable
Herpetologist
Ornithologist
Entomologist
Ichthyologist
Taxonomy
Put these in the upside down triangle to help you understand their
relationships. Taxons:
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Know how to write a scientific name & what a scientific name consists
of (Genus species)
Linnaeus
Binomial nomenclature
Poriferans & Cnidarians
Embryological cell layers: what parts come from these layers?
Endoderm (innermost layer)
Mesoderm
Ectoderm (outer layer)
Difference between protosome & deuterostome development
(protostomes develop a mouth from the opening in the gastrula)
Symmetry:
Bilateral – definite left and right sides
radial
asymmetry
Eukaryotic (have nucleus & membrane bound organelles)
Prokaryotic (no nucleus)
Characteristics of all animals multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophs &
they do not have a cell wall
Dorsal-back side
Ventral-belly side
Anterior – head end (cephalization only occurs in animals with
bilateral symmetry)
Posterior – tail end
Blastula- hollow (fluid filled) ball of cells
Gastrula – cells moving to the interior of the embryo to form gut
Body Cavities:
Coelome
Pseudocoelom
Acoelome
External fertilization needs water so the sperm can swim to the egg.
Sessile (attached to one spot entire adult life)
Filter Feeders – filter food from water
Porifera
Know the diagram of the sponge from the coloring sheet
Parts of sponges:
Choanocytes, spicules, osculum, & gemmules
Gemmules – allow the sponge to survive long periods of harsh
conditions
Flagella help sponges move water through the body
Vertebrate – have endoskeleton & backbone
Invertebrate
Cnidarians
Medusa & polyp stages
Know the life cycle of the jellyfish from your coloring sheet.
Worms
Three types:
1.
Flatworms (Platyhelminthes)
Acoelomate
Freeliving, Planarian – Turbellarians
Eyespots
Flame cells
Pharynx (one opening)
Ganglion
Regeneration
Parasitic, Fluke (Trematodes)
Parasitic, Tapeworm (Cestodes) ingest eggs
Proglottid
Scolex
Use your coloring sheet and diagrams to study. There will be a
diagram of a planarian on the test.
2.
Roundworms (Nematodes)
Pseudocoelomates – mesoderm partially lines the coelom
Two openings in digestive system
Filarial worms cause elephantiasis
Heartworm found in cats/dogs is a type of filarial worm
Ganglia
Diseases result of poor sanitation
Trichonosis (undercooked pork)
Ascarids
Pinworms
Use your worksheet and focus on the diseases that these cause.
3.
Segmented Worms (Annelids)
Protostome
Coelomate
Nephridia
Earthworm: closed circulatory system
Study the lab where you observed living earthworms
(circular/longitudinal muscles)
Structures such as: dorsal blood vessel, nephridia, crop, gizzard,
setae,
Clitellum involved in reproduction
Study the parts of the earthworm (lab)/ Study the coloring sheets
Know the functions of the parts
Marine annelids (Polychaetes) have gills & parapodia
Leeches (external parasite)
How earthworms benefit gardeners
There will be a diagram of an earthworm on the test.
Rotifers – have rings of cilia around their mouth.
Mollusks
Characteristics of Mollusks:
Soft bodied with either internal or external shell
Bilateral symmetry
Coelomate
Siphons
Mantle (functions differently in each class)
Gills (aquatic species use this for respiration)
Tentacles are a modified foot.
Foot used to get away from predators and is modified and used
differently for each class.
All have open circulatory except cephalopods.
Radula (tongue)
Visceral (name for internal organs) mass under mantle
Four Classes:
Gastropoda “stomach foot” includes: snails, slugs, nudibranches
Cephalopoda “head foot” includes: nautilus, octopus, squid, cuttlefish
Most active group, closed circulatory system. Most lack and external
shell—why is this an advantage?
Their foot is modified into arms and tentacles.
Mantle is different.
Siphon used for movement.
Have large brains.
Can change color to blend in with the environment.
Suckers to capture prey.
Bivalvia includes: clams, oysters, scallops,
Seditary, filter feed (can be used to monitor the environmental health
of a habitat by looking at the concentration of pollutants and
microorganisms in their tissues).
Shells are called valves. Mantle secretes the shell. Shell is
protection. Adductor muscles used to open and close valves.
Incurrent siphon brings in water with food and oxygen, excurrent
takes away wastes with water. (Open circulatory).
Oldest part of the shell is the umbo.
Economically important – jewelry, food.
Polyplacophora includes: chitins (8 valves on dorsal side, flattened
foot, reduced head)
****Study the diagram of the squid on your coloring sheet.**********
You need to be able to label it without a word bank.
Arthropods
“Jointed Foot”
Biologically successful group
Found in all types of habitats
Review notes for all general characteristics
Segmented like annelids
**Be prepared to answer a short essay question explaining which
characteristics have made arthropods so successful.*****
We focused on three classes:
Crustacean
Arachnid (chelicerates)
Insecta
Know examples of each type and specific characteristics of each.
Many questions will require to to distinguish between and compare
them. It will be very helpful to go back to (recall) the “Arthropod” lab
activity that we did early in the unit.
Body segments (3 for insects, 2 for others)
Head, Thorax, Abdomen
Cephalothorax, Abdomen
Exoskeleton (know functions)
Pedipalps (reproduction in male spiders)
Chelicera
Chilipods
Book lungs
Gills
Spiracles
Tympanum
Complete Metamorphosis
Incomplete Metamorphosis
Egg
Nymph (resembles adult)
Larva (worm-like)
Cocoon
Pupa
Molting
Compound eyes made of many lenses
Honeybee dances (food information)
Swimmerets
Review mouthparts of insects
Malpighian Tubules (wastes removed)
Horseshoe Crab, not a crustacean, arachnid
Echinoderms and Invertebrate Chordates
1.
List all of the general characteristics of echinoderms.
2.
What are three of the functions of a tube foot?
3.
List the parts of the water vascular system and trace the flow of
water through it.
4.
What is special about the larval stage of the echinoderm?
5.
What are pedicellariae and what do they do?
6.
Where does respiration occur in most echinoderms?
7.
The living suction cup of the echinoderm is it’s ___ ____.
8.
What is special about a starfish’s stomach?
9.
Give an example of each of the classes of echinoderms:
a.
Asteroidea
b.
Echinoidea
c.
Crinoidea
d.
Ophiuroidea
e.
Holotheroidia
10. All of the classes have a water vascular system, but they are
used for different functions. (True/False)
11. Which class of echinoderms contains predators?
12. Which echinoderms look like warty, moving pickles?
13. Which is considered the most ancient class? Give some
examples of animals in this class.
14. What is special about the sea cucumbers tube feet?
15. Spines are part of the skin layer of echinoderms. (True/False)
16. What is Aristotle’s lantern and which class do you find this
feature?
17. List all of the characteristics of chordates.
18. What is a notochord?
19. What group of animals produced the precursor for the thyroid
gland?
20. Describe a lancelet.
21. Describe a tunicate.
22. As adults both lancelets and tunicates have ___________
_____ _____ for filter feeding.
23. Echinoderms, invertebrate chordates, and chordates all
developed after what derived characteristic?
24. Why are tunicates considered chordates?
25. What is the main difference between invertebrate chordates
and all the other chordates?
26. Which group of animals developed what is know as the ancient
thyroid gland?
STUDY THE DIAGRAMS THAT YOU HAVE OF OUR
REPRESENTATIVE ORGANISM: THE STARFISH.
Fishes
1.
What is the hallmark feature of vertebrates?
2.
Is the skeleton of a vertebrate living?
3.
List the characteristics of fish.
4.
In most fishes, what structures obtain oxygen from water?
5.
Trace the pathway of water through a fish.
6.
What type of circulatory system do fishes have?
7.
What are the olfactory bulbs used for in fish?
8.
What is the function of the swim bladder?
9.
The special sensor that allows fish to detect even the slightest
movements in water is called the ___________
10. List two examples of modern jawless fish.
11. The class Chondrichthyes contains fish with _________
skeletons.
12. Name two examples of fish with cartilaginous skeletons.
13. Which class of fish was probably the first to evolve?
14. What type of fish would be more closely related to amphibians
and why?
15. What structures on fish evolved last?
16. Name two structures that are shared by ALL classes of fish.
17. What do lobed-finned fishes have that others do not?
Amphibians
18. List the characteristics of amphibians.
19. What are the differences between frogs and salamanders?
20. What group of amphibians have larvae that are carnivorous?
21. Name the structures used by amphibians to exchange gas with
the environment.
22. Describe the life cycle of most amphibians.
23. What structure in a frog is used to release wastes, urine, and
eggs or sperm?
24. What are amphibian eggs lacking to keep them from drying out
easily?
25. What is the tympanic membrane used for?
26. How would you recognize a salamander?
27. What is a caecilian? What is it lacking that most amphibians
have?
28. Salamander larvae are considered _____ and continue to be
so as adults.
29. Draw and label an amphibian heart.
30. What organ is a part of the frog’s digestive, excretory, and
reproductive system?
31. Which group of amphibians could travel long distances on land
quickly?
32. What protects a frog’s eyes?
33. Label all of the part on the following diagram:
Both
34. Compare the heart of a fish to the heart of an amphibian.
Explain how this affects their ways of life.
Reptiles & Birds
Amniotic Egg Diagram & Notes (chorion, amnion, yolk sac, allantois)
Ovoviviparous, Oviparous, & Viviparous
Differences & similarities in eggs between reptiles & birds (and
amphibians).
Relationship between birds & reptiles.
Snakes are the only Reptiles without legs & flick their tongues to
collect chemicals in the air.
Characteristics of Reptiles: Focus on those that have helped them
adapt to a terrestrial life.
Ectotherm (not active in cold climates)
Scales
Most have 3 chambered hearts/ crocs have 4 (less mixing of
oxygenated & deoxygenated blood)
Have lungs
Internal fertilization most are oviparous
Diversity of Reptiles
Rhynchocephalia (tuatara)
Turtle shell (carapace & plastron)
Archaeopteryx was a transitional species between reptiles & birds.
Characteristics of Birds:
Endotherm (can live in any climate, even cold ones)
Scales on feet (reptile-like)
4 chambered heart
Hollow bones
Feathers (Contour feathers give lifting force & balance needed for
flight)
Not all birds can fly
Crop
Gizzard
Cloaca
Know adaptations that enable birds to fly
Adaptations of birds of prey.
Mammals
Hair (be familiar with functions)
Mammary Glands/Nurse Young
Sweat glands purpose
Ruminant stomach (example of animal)
Brain – Cerebellum controls balance & coordination
Monotreme
Marsupials
Placentals