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Zoology Final Exam Review Evolution & Scientific Method Go over your notes, chapters in the book, powerpoints online… Terms to know: Darwin artificial selection Survival of the Fittest index fossil Cenozoic Era Cambrian Explosion Mass extinctions fossils Sedimentary rock Galapagos Islands Darwin’s finches Malthus Lyell & Hutton Pangea Lamark Wallace On the Origin of the Species Adaptation Survival of the fittest Binomial nomenclature common names Cladogram taxons *know them & their relationships Derived character Eukarya Hypothesis steps of scientific method Data variable Herpetologist Ornithologist Entomologist Ichthyologist Taxonomy Put these in the upside down triangle to help you understand their relationships. Taxons: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species Know how to write a scientific name & what a scientific name consists of (Genus species) Linnaeus Binomial nomenclature Poriferans & Cnidarians Embryological cell layers: what parts come from these layers? Endoderm (innermost layer) Mesoderm Ectoderm (outer layer) Difference between protosome & deuterostome development (protostomes develop a mouth from the opening in the gastrula) Symmetry: Bilateral – definite left and right sides radial asymmetry Eukaryotic (have nucleus & membrane bound organelles) Prokaryotic (no nucleus) Characteristics of all animals multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophs & they do not have a cell wall Dorsal-back side Ventral-belly side Anterior – head end (cephalization only occurs in animals with bilateral symmetry) Posterior – tail end Blastula- hollow (fluid filled) ball of cells Gastrula – cells moving to the interior of the embryo to form gut Body Cavities: Coelome Pseudocoelom Acoelome External fertilization needs water so the sperm can swim to the egg. Sessile (attached to one spot entire adult life) Filter Feeders – filter food from water Porifera Know the diagram of the sponge from the coloring sheet Parts of sponges: Choanocytes, spicules, osculum, & gemmules Gemmules – allow the sponge to survive long periods of harsh conditions Flagella help sponges move water through the body Vertebrate – have endoskeleton & backbone Invertebrate Cnidarians Medusa & polyp stages Know the life cycle of the jellyfish from your coloring sheet. Worms Three types: 1. Flatworms (Platyhelminthes) Acoelomate Freeliving, Planarian – Turbellarians Eyespots Flame cells Pharynx (one opening) Ganglion Regeneration Parasitic, Fluke (Trematodes) Parasitic, Tapeworm (Cestodes) ingest eggs Proglottid Scolex Use your coloring sheet and diagrams to study. There will be a diagram of a planarian on the test. 2. Roundworms (Nematodes) Pseudocoelomates – mesoderm partially lines the coelom Two openings in digestive system Filarial worms cause elephantiasis Heartworm found in cats/dogs is a type of filarial worm Ganglia Diseases result of poor sanitation Trichonosis (undercooked pork) Ascarids Pinworms Use your worksheet and focus on the diseases that these cause. 3. Segmented Worms (Annelids) Protostome Coelomate Nephridia Earthworm: closed circulatory system Study the lab where you observed living earthworms (circular/longitudinal muscles) Structures such as: dorsal blood vessel, nephridia, crop, gizzard, setae, Clitellum involved in reproduction Study the parts of the earthworm (lab)/ Study the coloring sheets Know the functions of the parts Marine annelids (Polychaetes) have gills & parapodia Leeches (external parasite) How earthworms benefit gardeners There will be a diagram of an earthworm on the test. Rotifers – have rings of cilia around their mouth. Mollusks Characteristics of Mollusks: Soft bodied with either internal or external shell Bilateral symmetry Coelomate Siphons Mantle (functions differently in each class) Gills (aquatic species use this for respiration) Tentacles are a modified foot. Foot used to get away from predators and is modified and used differently for each class. All have open circulatory except cephalopods. Radula (tongue) Visceral (name for internal organs) mass under mantle Four Classes: Gastropoda “stomach foot” includes: snails, slugs, nudibranches Cephalopoda “head foot” includes: nautilus, octopus, squid, cuttlefish Most active group, closed circulatory system. Most lack and external shell—why is this an advantage? Their foot is modified into arms and tentacles. Mantle is different. Siphon used for movement. Have large brains. Can change color to blend in with the environment. Suckers to capture prey. Bivalvia includes: clams, oysters, scallops, Seditary, filter feed (can be used to monitor the environmental health of a habitat by looking at the concentration of pollutants and microorganisms in their tissues). Shells are called valves. Mantle secretes the shell. Shell is protection. Adductor muscles used to open and close valves. Incurrent siphon brings in water with food and oxygen, excurrent takes away wastes with water. (Open circulatory). Oldest part of the shell is the umbo. Economically important – jewelry, food. Polyplacophora includes: chitins (8 valves on dorsal side, flattened foot, reduced head) ****Study the diagram of the squid on your coloring sheet.********** You need to be able to label it without a word bank. Arthropods “Jointed Foot” Biologically successful group Found in all types of habitats Review notes for all general characteristics Segmented like annelids **Be prepared to answer a short essay question explaining which characteristics have made arthropods so successful.***** We focused on three classes: Crustacean Arachnid (chelicerates) Insecta Know examples of each type and specific characteristics of each. Many questions will require to to distinguish between and compare them. It will be very helpful to go back to (recall) the “Arthropod” lab activity that we did early in the unit. Body segments (3 for insects, 2 for others) Head, Thorax, Abdomen Cephalothorax, Abdomen Exoskeleton (know functions) Pedipalps (reproduction in male spiders) Chelicera Chilipods Book lungs Gills Spiracles Tympanum Complete Metamorphosis Incomplete Metamorphosis Egg Nymph (resembles adult) Larva (worm-like) Cocoon Pupa Molting Compound eyes made of many lenses Honeybee dances (food information) Swimmerets Review mouthparts of insects Malpighian Tubules (wastes removed) Horseshoe Crab, not a crustacean, arachnid Echinoderms and Invertebrate Chordates 1. List all of the general characteristics of echinoderms. 2. What are three of the functions of a tube foot? 3. List the parts of the water vascular system and trace the flow of water through it. 4. What is special about the larval stage of the echinoderm? 5. What are pedicellariae and what do they do? 6. Where does respiration occur in most echinoderms? 7. The living suction cup of the echinoderm is it’s ___ ____. 8. What is special about a starfish’s stomach? 9. Give an example of each of the classes of echinoderms: a. Asteroidea b. Echinoidea c. Crinoidea d. Ophiuroidea e. Holotheroidia 10. All of the classes have a water vascular system, but they are used for different functions. (True/False) 11. Which class of echinoderms contains predators? 12. Which echinoderms look like warty, moving pickles? 13. Which is considered the most ancient class? Give some examples of animals in this class. 14. What is special about the sea cucumbers tube feet? 15. Spines are part of the skin layer of echinoderms. (True/False) 16. What is Aristotle’s lantern and which class do you find this feature? 17. List all of the characteristics of chordates. 18. What is a notochord? 19. What group of animals produced the precursor for the thyroid gland? 20. Describe a lancelet. 21. Describe a tunicate. 22. As adults both lancelets and tunicates have ___________ _____ _____ for filter feeding. 23. Echinoderms, invertebrate chordates, and chordates all developed after what derived characteristic? 24. Why are tunicates considered chordates? 25. What is the main difference between invertebrate chordates and all the other chordates? 26. Which group of animals developed what is know as the ancient thyroid gland? STUDY THE DIAGRAMS THAT YOU HAVE OF OUR REPRESENTATIVE ORGANISM: THE STARFISH. Fishes 1. What is the hallmark feature of vertebrates? 2. Is the skeleton of a vertebrate living? 3. List the characteristics of fish. 4. In most fishes, what structures obtain oxygen from water? 5. Trace the pathway of water through a fish. 6. What type of circulatory system do fishes have? 7. What are the olfactory bulbs used for in fish? 8. What is the function of the swim bladder? 9. The special sensor that allows fish to detect even the slightest movements in water is called the ___________ 10. List two examples of modern jawless fish. 11. The class Chondrichthyes contains fish with _________ skeletons. 12. Name two examples of fish with cartilaginous skeletons. 13. Which class of fish was probably the first to evolve? 14. What type of fish would be more closely related to amphibians and why? 15. What structures on fish evolved last? 16. Name two structures that are shared by ALL classes of fish. 17. What do lobed-finned fishes have that others do not? Amphibians 18. List the characteristics of amphibians. 19. What are the differences between frogs and salamanders? 20. What group of amphibians have larvae that are carnivorous? 21. Name the structures used by amphibians to exchange gas with the environment. 22. Describe the life cycle of most amphibians. 23. What structure in a frog is used to release wastes, urine, and eggs or sperm? 24. What are amphibian eggs lacking to keep them from drying out easily? 25. What is the tympanic membrane used for? 26. How would you recognize a salamander? 27. What is a caecilian? What is it lacking that most amphibians have? 28. Salamander larvae are considered _____ and continue to be so as adults. 29. Draw and label an amphibian heart. 30. What organ is a part of the frog’s digestive, excretory, and reproductive system? 31. Which group of amphibians could travel long distances on land quickly? 32. What protects a frog’s eyes? 33. Label all of the part on the following diagram: Both 34. Compare the heart of a fish to the heart of an amphibian. Explain how this affects their ways of life. Reptiles & Birds Amniotic Egg Diagram & Notes (chorion, amnion, yolk sac, allantois) Ovoviviparous, Oviparous, & Viviparous Differences & similarities in eggs between reptiles & birds (and amphibians). Relationship between birds & reptiles. Snakes are the only Reptiles without legs & flick their tongues to collect chemicals in the air. Characteristics of Reptiles: Focus on those that have helped them adapt to a terrestrial life. Ectotherm (not active in cold climates) Scales Most have 3 chambered hearts/ crocs have 4 (less mixing of oxygenated & deoxygenated blood) Have lungs Internal fertilization most are oviparous Diversity of Reptiles Rhynchocephalia (tuatara) Turtle shell (carapace & plastron) Archaeopteryx was a transitional species between reptiles & birds. Characteristics of Birds: Endotherm (can live in any climate, even cold ones) Scales on feet (reptile-like) 4 chambered heart Hollow bones Feathers (Contour feathers give lifting force & balance needed for flight) Not all birds can fly Crop Gizzard Cloaca Know adaptations that enable birds to fly Adaptations of birds of prey. Mammals Hair (be familiar with functions) Mammary Glands/Nurse Young Sweat glands purpose Ruminant stomach (example of animal) Brain – Cerebellum controls balance & coordination Monotreme Marsupials Placentals