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Animalia
Distinguishing Characteristics
• Entirely eukaryotic
• Completely multi-cellular
• Completely heterotrophic ~ all animals are consumers!
• All reproduce sexually, and some can also reproduce asexually
• The most diverse of the kingdoms (1 million different species have been
named, but it is estimated that there are over 3 million species of animals living on our
planet today)
• Specialization in tissues and most even demonstrate organ systems.
• Mobile ~ move to find food, shelter, or mates (some animals can only move
during stages of their lives)
•Two Main Divisions ~ invertebrates & vertebrates
Method of Reproduction
All reproduce sexually, and some can also
reproduce asexually
Definition: budding - new individuals form from outgrowths (buds) on the
bodies of mature organisms. These outgrowths grow by means of mitotic
cell division. Remember – yeast (a fungus example reproduces this way.
Specific animal example of budding ~ Asexual reproduction in jelly fish ~
budding in hydra (a cnidarian = jelly-fish)
Method of Nutrition
Completely heterotrophic ~ all animals are
consumers!
The Good
• All animals are good – they are necessary in
order to maintain balance in our natural world
(a.k.a. ecosystem).
The Bad
• The animals that we consider bad, are the ones that become
problems for us. For example – worms, insects, and rodents/vermin
can cause disease and illness in plants, animals & humans.
Ex – tapeworms, pinworms, & hookworms are parasitic; ticks,
mosquitos, fleas, mice, and rats can spread disease
*But even these nasty critters are necessary for maintaining balance in
an ecosystem – WHY?
* So other than disease & illness, animals only become problems for us when we intrude
into their natural habitat and disrupt the natural balance in an ecosystem or if we
purposefully or accidentally introduce a species into a new area were there is no natural
competition against the new species. Remember – kudzu? The same thing happens with
animals that are brought into a new area with no competition.
So I have to ask you ………
If there are no bad animals, are their bad humans?
•No backbone.
Invertebrates
•Demonstrate one of three types of symmetry in their body plans ~ bilateral, radial,
asymmetrical – see page 380 in your textbook
•All (except the sponges) have special tissues that make up fibers called neurons.
•All (except the sponges) digest food in a gut that is enclosed in a cavity called a
coelom.
Examples listed below are listed in order of simplest to complex ….
Porifera ~ sponges
Cnidarians ~ jellyfish & corals
Flatworms ~ planarians, flukes, &
tapeworms
Roundworms ~ pinworms & hookworms
Mollusks ~ snails, slugs, clams, oysters,
squids, & octopuses
Annelid Worms ~ earth worms, leeches,
& marine worms
Arthropods ~ centipedes, millipedes,
crustaceans, arachnids, & insects
Echinoderms ~ sea stars (starfish), sand
dollars, sea cucumbers, & sea urchins
Invertebrate Examples
PORIFERA
= sponges
Planaria dactyligera = planarian
FLATWORMS =
planarians, flukes, &
tapeworms
CNIDARIANS =
jelly fish & corals
Taenia saginata =
Dendrogyra cylindricus =
pillar coral
tapeworm
More Invertebrate Examples
ANNELIDS = earthworms, leeches, & marine worms
Hirudo medicinalis = leech
Lumbricus terrestris =
earthworm
ROUNDWORMS =
hookworms, pinworms,
& whipworms
Toxocara canis = dog
roundworm
MOLLUSKS = snails, slugs, clams,
oysters, squids, & octopuses
And Even More Invertebrate Examples
ARTHROPODS = centipedes, millipedes, crustaceans, arachnids, & insects
ECHINODERMS = starfish, brittle stars,
sea urchins, sea cucumbers, etc.
Vertebrates
•All vertebrates have a backbone.
• Have a well developed head that is protected by a skull
• All vertebrates have to live at certain temperatures and have body
systems & functions that help maintain a constant internal
temperature
•Belong to the phylum Chordata (not all chordates have a backbone –
lancelets & tunicates)
•All chordates do have each of the following four body parts within
their lifetime ~
1) tail
2) notochord (stiff but flexible rod that gives the body
support) ~ replaced by a backbone late in an embryonic
development
Vertebrates continued
3) hollow nerve cord ~ called a spinal cord in vertebrates
4) pharyngeal pouches ~ all chordate embryos have these
pouches that develop into gills, or other body parts as the
embryo matures
Examples listed below are listed in order of simplest to complex ….
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Fish ~ Jawless fish, cartilagenous fish,
and boney fish
Birds ~ flightless, water, perching, &
birds of prey
Amphibians ~ caecilians, newts,
salamanders, frogs, & toads
Mammals ~ placentals (whales, cats,
humans), monotremes (the echidnas &
the platypus) , & marsupials
(kangaroos, wallabies, koalas, &
opossums)
Reptiles ~ dinosaurs, turtles, tortoises,
crocidiles, alligators, snakes, lizards, &
tuataras
Vertebrate Examples
Oncorhynchus mykiss =
Rainbow Trout
FISH =
cartilaginous &
bony
AMPHIBIANS = newts,
salamanders, frogs, & toads
Agalychnis callidryas =
Red-Eyed Tree Frog
Carcharodon carcharias =
Great White Shark
Rhinella marinus =
Cane Toad
More Vertebrate Examples
REPTILES = dinosaurs, turtles,
tortoises, crocodiles, alligators,
snakes, & lizards
Chamaeleo calyptratus =
Yemen chameleon.
Agkistrodon contortrix = copper head snake
Even More Vertebrate Examples
BIRDS
MAMMALS
Phoencopterus ruber = flamingo
Equus ferus caballus =
domesticated horse
Homo sapien
= human