Download Final Review Packet

Final Exam Review Packet - CP
Completion
Complete each statement.
1. The science of ____________________ is traditionally divided into two parts: physical and historical.
2. A group of sciences called ____________________ science deals with Earth and its neighbors in space.
3. The ____________________ hypothesis suggests that our solar system evolved from a huge rotating
cloud of dust and gas.
4. The ____________________ refers to the rigid, outer layer of Earth, which includes the crust and part of
the upper mantle.
5. The theory of ____________________ provides a model to explain how volcanoes and earthquakes occur
and how continents move.
6. According to the theory of plate tectonics, ____________________ forces such as volcanism and
mountain building receive energy from Earth’s interior.
7. Earth’s weather and ocean circulation are powered by energy from the ____________________.
8. A scientific ____________________ is a well-tested and widely accepted view that scientists agree best
explains certain observable facts.
9. The smallest part of an element that still retains the element’s properties is a(n) ____________________.
10. A(n) ____________________ is an electrically neutral subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an
atom.
11. Atoms of the same element that have different mass numbers are called ____________________.
12. The sum of the neutrons and protons in the nucleus is the atom’s ____________________.
13. Most minerals are composed of two or more elements joined to form a chemically stable
____________________.
14. A naturally occurring, inorganic solid that has an orderly crystalline structure and a definite chemical
composition is a(n) ____________________.
15. As magma cools, the first minerals to ____________________ are rich in iron, calcium, and magnesium.
16. Minerals are classified into groups based on ____________________.
17. Silicon and oxygen combine to form the framework of the most common mineral group, the
____________________ minerals.
18. Small amounts of different elements in the same mineral can change the ____________________ of the
mineral.
19. When minerals form slowly without space restrictions, they will develop ____________________.
20. The tendency of a mineral to break along planes of weak bonding is called ____________________.
21. The ratio of a mineral’s mass to its volume is its ____________________.
22. The mineral ____________________ is strongly magnetic.
23. A(n) ____________________ is a solid mass of mineral or mineral-like matter that occurs naturally.
24. Rocks are generally classified as igneous, ____________________, or metamorphic.
25. Because of the processes that take place within the ____________________, rocks can change from one
type to another.
26. The rock cycle is driven internally by heat from ____________________, and externally by energy from
the sun.
27. ____________________ rocks form when magma hardens and cools.
28. When igneous rocks cool rapidly, and ions do not have time to unite into an orderly crystalline structure,
____________________ texture results.
29. An igneous rock that contains mostly pyroxene and olivine has a(n) ____________________
composition.
30. During the processes of erosion and deposition, sediments that are the ____________________ in size
will be carried the greatest distances before being deposited.
31. Because of the way they form, crystalline limestone and chert are classified as ____________________
sedimentary rocks.
32. In an undisturbed sequence of sedimentary rocks, the oldest rocks would be at the
____________________ of the sequence.
33. Large-scale folding of rocks during the process of mountain building is characteristic of a(n)
____________________ metamorphism setting.
34. A(n) ____________________ is a hot, water-rich fluid that is associated with a cooling magma body.
35. Metamorphic rocks that are composed of only one mineral, and that form large interlocking crystals, often
have a(n) ____________________ texture.
36. The parent rock of the nonfoliated metamorphic rock called ____________________ is commonly a
quartz sandstone.
37. In the continental drift hypothesis, a supercontinent called ____________________ was proposed.
38. One type of evidence that supports Wegener’s continental drift hypothesis is the existence of
____________________ that begin on one continent and continue on another.
39. Most scientists in Wegener’s day rejected his hypothesis for continental drift because he could not explain
a(n) ____________________ for how continents can move.
40. The theory of ____________________ states that Earth’s rigid outer shell is divided into about seven
major segments.
41. Earth’s rigid outer layer, consisting of the crust and uppermost mantle, is called the
____________________.
42. The theory of plate tectonics states that Earth’s rigid outer shell is divided into several individual
segments called ____________________.
43. The type of plate boundary where plates move apart, resulting in upwelling of material from the mantle to
create new seafloor, is referred to as a(n) ____________________ plate boundary.
44. ____________________ is the mechanism responsible for producing the new oceanic crust between two
diverging plates.
45. During the breakup of a continent along a divergent plate boundary, deep faulted structures called
____________________ are generated.
46. A subduction zone occurs when one ____________________ plate is forced beneath a second plate.
47. At a(n) ______________________________ boundary, oceanic lithosphere plunges beneath an
overriding continental plate.
48. A chain of small volcanic islands that forms when two oceanic plates converge, one descending beneath
the other, is called a(n) ____________________.
49. A(n) _________________________ occurs where two plates grind pass each other without creating or
destroying lithosphere.
50. Rocks that exhibit magnetism that is opposite to the current magnetic field are said to have
____________________.
51. Plumes of molten rock originating deep within the mantle are known as ____________________.
52. The age of the deepest ocean sediments ____________________ with increasing distance from an ocean
ridge crest.
53. Earthquakes associated with divergent boundaries have ____________________ foci.
54. The primary forces that cause plate motion are made possible by a mechanism called
____________________.
55. The appearance of hot spots and volcanoes at Earth’s surface is evidence of ____________________.
56. The principle of ____________________ states that physical, biological, and chemical processes we
observe today have also operated in the geologic past.
57. ____________________ tells geologists the sequence, or order, in which events occurred.
58. To assume that rock layers that are tilted have been moved into that position by crustal disturbances is to
apply a principle of relative dating known as ________________________.
59. A(n) ____________________ is a break in the rock record during which deposition ceased, erosion
removed previously formed rocks, and then deposition resumed.
60. The remains or traces of prehistoric life are called ____________________.
61. Fossils rarely preserve the ____________________ parts of animals because scavengers often eat them
and bacteria decompose them.
62. The principle of ____________________ states that fossil organisms succeed one another in a definite
and determinable order, and that any time period can be recognized by its fossil content.
63. Using radioactive isotopes to calculate the ages of rocks and minerals is a procedure called
____________________.
64. ____________________ is used to date recent organic material.
65. Eras are divided into ____________________, which can be further divided into
____________________.
66. Great worldwide changes in forms of ____________________ on Earth mark the boundaries of eras.
67. The gases ____________________ and ____________________ make up 99 percent of the volume of
clean, dry air.
69. Ozone is concentrated in the layer of the atmosphere called the ____________________.
70. Water vapor is the source of all clouds and ____________________.
71. ____________________ is the movement of Earth in its orbit around the sun.
72. ____________________ is the spinning of Earth about its axis.
73. Heat flows from matter with ____________________ temperatures to matter with
____________________ temperatures.
74. ____________________ occurs when light bounces off an object.
75. A city near an ocean would likely have ____________________ summers than a city at the same latitude
located farther inland.
76. Albedo is the fraction of the total ____________________ that is reflected by any surface.
77. Water vapor is the source of all condensation and ____________________, which is any form of water
that falls from a cloud.
78. The process of changing state requires that energy is transferred in the form of ____________________.
79. According to Figure 18-1, ____________________ grams of water vapor is required to saturate a
kilogram of air at a temperature of –20°C.
80. According to Figure 18-1, warm air is capable of holding ____________________ water vapor than cold
air.
81. Relative humidity is the ____________________ of air’s actual water-vapor content compared with the
amount of ____________________ air can hold at that temperature and pressure.
82. If the water-vapor content of air remains the same, raising air temperature causes a(n)
____________________ in relative humidity.
83. Clouds are classified based on ____________________ and ____________________.
84. ____________________ is defined as a cloud with its base at or very near the ground.
85. Air pressure pushing down on an object exactly ____________________ the air pressure pushing up on
the object.
86. In a mercury barometer, when air pressure increases, the mercury in the tube ____________________.
87. Air flows from areas of ____________________ pressure to areas of ____________________ pressure.
88. The Coriolis effect deflects all free-moving objects to the right of their path of motion in the
____________________ Hemisphere.
89. The deflection of wind caused by the Coriolis effect is always directed at ____________________ angles
to the direction of airflow.
90. In the Northern Hemisphere, winds blow inward and ____________________ around a low.
91. In anticyclones, the values of the isobars ____________________ from the outside toward the center.
92. Friction causes a net flow of air ____________________ around a cyclone.
93. The subtropical high and the ____________________ high are areas of dry, sinking air that produce
prevailing winds.
94. In coastal areas during the summer, land heats up more during ____________________ than does the
adjacent body of water.
95. After sunset in mountainous areas, ____________________ air moves downslope into the valley.
96. Weather patterns such as summer heat waves and winter cold spells are caused by large bodies of air
called ____________________.
97. The terms ____________________ and ____________________ describe the moisture characteristics of
air masses.
98. The terms ____________________ and ____________________ describe the temperature characteristics
of air masses.
99. A(n) ____________________ air mass is uniformly cold and dry in winter and cool and dry in summer.
100. In the Great Lakes region during winter, ____________________ air masses can cause lake-effect snow.
101. When two air masses meet, they form a(n) ____________________, which is a boundary that separates
two air masses.
102. In Figure 20-2, a(n) ____________________ front is shown at the point labeled B.
103. In Figure 20-2, a(n) ____________________ air mass would most likely be found at the point labeled C
and a(n) ____________________ air mass would be found at the point labeled G.
104. If an observer sees cirrus clouds, followed later by cirrostratus, and then altostratus, he or she is
witnessing the approach of a(n) ____________________ front.
105. During the life cycle of a middle-latitude cyclone, the process of ____________________ occurs when a
cold front overtakes a warm front and the warm air is forced upward.
106. Middle-latitude cyclones are large centers of ____________________ pressure that generally travel from
west to east and cause stormy weather.
107. A(n) ____________________ is a vertical cylinder of rotating air that develops in the updraft of a
thunderstorm.
108. The speed of light is ____________________ kilometers per second.
109. ______________________________ refers to the arrangement of electromagnetic waves according to
their wavelengths and frequencies.
110. The light from a source that is moving away from an observer appears ____________________ than it
actually is because its waves are ____________________.
111. ____________________ refers to a telescope’s ability to make an object larger.
112. Space telescopes orbit above Earth’s ____________________ and thus produce clear images.
113. The outermost portion of the sun’s atmosphere, the ____________________, is very weak and only
visible when the photosphere is covered.
114. During periods of high solar activity, huge cloudlike structures called ____________________ appear as
great arches that extend from the sun.
115. During nuclear fusion, energy is released because some matter is actually converted to
____________________.
116. Nuclear fusion takes place in the sun’s ____________________.
117. Patterns of stars called ____________________ were originally named in honor of mythological
characters or great heroes.
118. The most basic way to measure the distance to a star is ____________________.
119. A light-year is the distance ____________________ travels in a year.
120. Apparent magnitude refers to a star’s ____________________ as it appears from
____________________.
121. A(n) ____________________ is a developing star not yet hot enough to engage in nuclear fusion.
122. Stars that radiate short pulses of radio energy are called ____________________.
123. The average star spends ____________________ percent of its life as a hydrogen-burning,
main-sequence star.
124. The sun is positioned about ____________________ of the way from the center of the galaxy.
125. The Milky Way is classified as a(n) ____________________ galaxy.
126. In addition to size and shape, one of the major differences among galaxies is the ____________________
of their stars.
127. A(n) ____________________ galaxy is a type of galaxy that lacks symmetry.
128. The apparent change in wavelength of radiation caused by the relative motions of the source and the
observer is called the ____________________.
129. The ____________________, which occurred in an instant, marks the beginning of the universe.
Short Answer
130. What is the difference between a scientific hypothesis and a scientific theory?
131. List the two most common elements, along with their chemical symbols, found in Earth’s continental
crust.
132. If an atom has 17 electrons and its mass number is 35, calculate the following: number of protons, atomic
number, and number of neutrons.
133. What is a compound?
134. What is a mineral?
135. According to Figure 2-1, what atoms in the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron are labeled A?
136. What is the mineral represented in Figure 2-2, and into which group would it be classified?
137. Why is color often an unreliable property in identifying minerals?
138. Briefly describe the mineral property of luster.
139. What is the difference between extrusive igneous rocks and intrusive igneous rocks?
140. What factor most influences the size of mineral crystals in igneous rocks?
141. List and briefly describe the two characteristics used to classify igneous rocks.
142. What are the major erosional agents that can pick up, transport, and deposit the products of weathering?
143. What are the two main groups of sedimentary rocks?
144. Where does most metamorphism take place?
145. What are the three agents of metamorphism?
146. Briefly summarize Alfred Wegener’s hypothesis of continental drift.
147. List four lines of evidence that supported the hypothesis of continental drift.
148. Why did most scientists reject Wegener’s hypothesis of continental drift?
149. Briefly explain the theory of plate tectonics.
150. What are the three main types of plate boundaries?
151. What features are common at convergent continental-continental boundaries? Give an example.
152. Describe what happens at transform fault boundaries, and include the geologic hazard that is associated
with this type of boundary on continental crust.
153. List the lines of evidence that support the theory of plate tectonics.
154. What is the principle of uniformitarianism?
155. Explain why it is difficult to place the fault labeled M in a specific position in the sequence of geologic
events in Figure 12-1.
156. What are the three types of unconformities?
157. How are fossils useful to geologists?
158. What conditions are important in determining whether an organism will be preserved as a fossil?
159. Why do seasons occur?
160. What are the three mechanisms of energy transfer?
161. What three things may happen to incoming solar radiation?
162. Compare and contrast the heating of land and water.
163. What are isotherms?
164. Water vapor makes up what percentage of gases in the atmosphere?
165. How can the relative humidity of a parcel of air be changed?
166. What are condensation nuclei?
167. What are the three basic cloud forms shown in Figure 18-2?
168. What type of atmospheric conditions are associated with Cloud B in Figure 18-2?
169. What is air pressure?
170. Which type of pressure system is shown in Figure 19-2?
171. What four pressure zones dominate the model of global air circulation?
172. What causes local winds?
173. Which winds move weather across the United States?
174. What two factors account for the violent weather often associated with cold fronts?
175. Which property of a star can be determined by its color?
176. Which factors determine a star’s apparent magnitude?
177. What happens to a low-mass star when it depletes its hydrogen fuel?
178. Why does a red giant have a reddish appearance?
179. State Hubble’s law in your own words.
180. What will happen to the universe if it is only as dense as they can currently measure?
Essay
181. Describe each step of the sun’s life cycle.
182. According to the big bang theory, how did the universe begin and what two pieces of evidence support
this theory?