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Quarterly Review
Warm-up 10/16
• What strategies will you use to
prepare for your Quarterly Tests?
Study Strategies
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Flash Cards
Practice Tests
Re-write Notes
Have a friend or parent Quiz you
• Get a good night’s sleep and eat a good
breakfast!
Continents & Oceans
1) Asia
• 17.2 million square miles
– Ranked #1 out of 7
• 4.3 billion people (60%)
– Ranked #1 out of 7
• 49 different countries
2) Africa
• 11.7 million square miles
– Ranked #2 out of 7
• 1.1 billion people (15%)
– Ranked #2 out of 7
• 54 different countries
3) Europe
• 3.9 million square miles
– Ranked #6 out of 7
• 745 million people (11%)
– Ranked #3 out of 7
• 50 different countries
4) Australia
• 3.3 million square miles
– Ranked #7 out of 7
• 36 million people
– Ranked #6 out of 7 (1%)
• 4 countries
5) North America
• 9.5 million square miles
– Ranked #3 out of 7
• 565 million people (7.5%)
– Ranked #4 out of 7
• 23 different countries
6) South America
• 6.9 million square miles
– Ranked #4 out of 7
• 375 million people (5%)
– Ranked #5 out of 7
• 12 different countries
7) Antarctica
• 5.4 million square miles
– Ranked #5 out of 7
– 98% is covered by ice
• No permanent population
– Ranked #7 out of 7
• No countries
A) Atlantic Ocean
• The second largest ocean in
the world
• It covers 1/5 of the earth’s
surface
• The Atlantic Ocean is Sshaped and borders 4
continents.
B) Indian Ocean
• The third largest ocean in the
world.
• It covers about 1/7 of the
earth’s surface.
• The Indian Ocean gets its name
from the Indian subcontinent.
It borders 3 continents.
C) Pacific Ocean
• This is the largest ocean in
the world
• It covers 1/3 of the earth’s
surface
• The Pacific Ocean is bigger
than the land area of all of
the continents combined!
• Culture- The way of life of a
group of people
Can you think of ways that your culture
influences your life?
Describe some elements of your culture
Elements of culture
• Language
• Education
• Shelter
• Values
• Clothing
• Climate
• Economy
• Government/Laws
• Religion
• Recreation/Entertainment
• Celebrations
• Music/Dance
Watch This!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BT0kzF4AWQ (People from Sudan move to the USA)
1) What challenges do you think the people
from Sudan will have when coming to
America for the first time?
What is History?
• History- The study of events from the past
• Archaeologist – a person who studies human
history using artifacts
• Artifact- a human-made object
How do we keep track of history?
Timelines are a common way to keep track of history
How do we keep track of history?
• Humans started keeping track of time in Year 1. This is
when the Common Era (C.E.) began
– A.D. stand for Anno Domini which means “the First Year”.
– A.D. and C.E. are the same thing! For this class we will use C.E.
• Years before Year 1 are referred to as B.C.E. which means
Before the Common Era
• Think of B.C.E. years as negative numbers. The
further you get from Year 1, you go further
back in time
• C.E. years start at Year 1 and go all the way up
until present day (Year 2015)
B.C.E lasted a very long time!
• Scientists believe the earth is around 4.5 billion
years old!
• We have been keeping track of time for only
2,015 years!
• If a timeline showed Earth’s history, the Common
Era would be a tiny speck on the end of your
timeline
Place the following events in order on your timeline
A.
B.
C.
D.
2015 CE- You begin 6th grade at Piedmont
3100 BCE-A civilization begins in Mesopotamia
500 BCE- Democracy is established in Ancient Greece
1776 CE- The United States declares independence
1 CE
How long ago did the first civilization appear in Mesopotamia (from today)?
What is Economics?
• Economics- production, distribution, and use
of goods and services
– The study of how people meet their needs
Traditional
• Economy based on agriculture
– Agriculture = Farming
• Most families in a traditional economy only
grow enough for themselves
• Traditional economies are usually poor. The
people concentrate on survival, not making
money
• Usually found in 3rd world countries
• Bangladesh and Ivory Coast still have
traditional economies
Market Economy
• Decisions made by individuals (business owners)
– What to make
– What price
– Who to hire
• Success of the business is based on trade and
competition
• Also called free markets or capitalism
• USA, Great Britain, Canada, France, and Japan
have a market economy
Command Economy
• Central government makes
business decisions
– They tell people where to work
– They tell businesses what to make
• No incentive to work harder
• China, Cuba, Vietnam, and North
Korea are the world’s major
communist countries
Government
• Government- a body that has the power to
make and enforce laws within an organization
or group.
• Why do we need government?
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P43WZd6
11WA (LA Riots – 1992)
Democracy
• Ruled by elected officials
• Officials are elected by voting
• Example:
– The United States
Democracy
• 2 Types:
1) Direct Democracy- Citizens participate
directly in government.
Example: Ancient Greece
2) Representative Democracy- Citizens elect
leaders to represent them
Example: USA
Communism
• A system in which the government controls all
social and economic systems
– Basic freedoms are limited
• Example:
– China has been under Communist rule since 1949
Monarchy
• A government ruled by a King or Queen
– Based on heredity
• Example:
– Saudi Arabia
King Al Saud has ruled
Saudi Arabia since 2005
Monarchy
• 2 Types:
1) Absolute Monarchy- The ruler has all of the
power and is not limited by laws.
2) Constitutional Monarchy- The ruler has power,
but laws are in place to make sure the ruler does
not abuse their power.
Dictatorship
• One individual or group controls all
aspects of government
– They usually came to power by using
force
• The people have limited freedoms
and do not have a choice when
electing leaders or making laws.
• Example:
– North Korea
Kim Jong-il ruled North Korea for over 50 years
And was referred to as the “Supreme Leader”
What is Geography?
• Geography- the study of the earth, including
climate, natural resources, landforms, and the
division of land into continents and countries
– “Geo” comes from Latin and means “the Earth”
LandformsFeatures of the earth
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Mountains
Rivers
Lakes
Oceans
Islands
Deserts
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Peninsula
Archipelago
Canyon
Plains
Delta
Plateau
ClimateWeather conditions over a long period of time. This
includes temperature and rainfall.
Examples:
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Desert
Rainforest
Tundra
Subtropical
Temperate Forest
5 Themes
• Location- Where is it?
– Absolute- A specific location. This can be
coordinates on a map or an address
– Relative- A location in relation to something else.
Ex. 2 blocks, close to the railroad tracks
5 Themes
• Place- An area that is defined by everything in
it. All places have features that give them
personality and distinguish them from other
places.
– All places are unique
What makes Piedmont
unique from any other place?
5 Themes
• Region- A region is an area that is defined by
certain similar characteristics.
– North Carolina has 3 regions:
Mountain, Piedmont, and Coastal
The United States is divided into different regions:
-Northeast
-Southeast
-Midwest
-Southwest
-West
The city of Charlotte is divided into many
different sections called neighborhoods
5 Themes
• Movement- The way people, products,
information and ideas move from one place to
another
5 Themes
• Human-Environment Interaction- how people
adapt to the environment and how they change it
Longitude
• Lines that go north and
south (up and down) on
a map to specify an East
or West point on the
earth’s surface
• 0 – 180 (East or West)
Prime Meridian
• The Prime Meridian divides the earth into East and West
Prime Meridian
• The degrees give you a measurement of how far to go from
the Prime Meridian and in which direction (East or West)
Latitude
• Lines that go east and west
(left and right) on a map to
and specifies an North or
South point on the earth’s
surface
• 0-90 (North or South)
Equator
• The Equator divides the earth into North and South
Equator
• The degrees give you a measurement of how far to go from
the Equator and in which direction (North or South)
Absolute Location
• Coordinates where LONGITUDE and LATITUDE
intersect gives an exact location!
• Example: 100 degrees East and 40 degrees North
Scale
• Scale is what is used to measure distances on maps
• Usually, one inch will represent a certain number of
miles on the map
• On larger maps, one inch will represent hundreds of
miles
Cardinal Directions
• 4 Cardinal Directions
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North
South
East
West
• 4 Intermediate Directions
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Northeast
Northwest
Southeast
Southwest
Artifact
• a human-made object
Fossils
• The remains of plants or animals. These can
be bones or imprints found in layers of rock
Early Humans
Where did hominins settle?
-Most scientists believe that hominins settled in
East Africa because there was plentiful food
(fruits and animals)
-How do we know?
Early Humans
Where did hominins settle?
-Over a long period of time, humans slowly
migrated to Asia and Europe
-Humans followed their food sources that were
constantly moving
Early Humans
• Originated in Africa
• Hominins = Walk upright
– The first man-like creatures
– 4.5 million years ago
Early Humans
• Homo Habilis
– 2.5 million years ago
– Used stone tools
Early Humans
• Homo Erectus
– 1.7 million years ago
– Means “upright man”
Early Humans
• Homo Neanderthalensis (Neanderthals)
– 300,000 years ago
– Used fire
– Hunted small animals
Early Humans
• Homo Sapiens
– 200,000 years ago
– Large-brained
Early Human Tools
• Hearth- A stone fireplace
– Used for cooking and warmth
Early Human Tools
• Microlith- A small sharp
blade made out of stone
• Spears- A stick or pole with
a sharp point at the end
• Knives- A cutting tool with a
sharp blade
Early Human Tools
• Fire- Used for cooking and warmth
– Used to drive animals into a certain area for
hunting
Early Human Tools
• Needles- Used to make
clothing
• Hooks- Used for hunting and
fishing
Early Human Tools
• Working in Groups- People could drive animals
into a certain area for easier hunting
– The more people working together, the bigger the
animal that could be hunted
Archaeologist
• a person who studies human history using
artifacts and fossils
Where did Humans Settle?
• 150,000 BCE
• Humans were living in Africa because of the
warm weather
• Plenty of food was available (fruits, berries,
and animals)
Where did Humans Settle?
• 80,000 BCE
• Earth’s climate turned much colder.
• Humans migrated to Southwest Asia in search
of food and water
Where did Humans Settle?
• 40,000 BCE
• The Ice Age came to an end, so people started
moving further north into Europe
Where did Humans Settle?
• 15,000 BCE
• Humans migrated from Asia to North America
through the Bering Land Bridge
Early Humans
• During the last Ice Age (100,000 BCE – 8,000
BCE), the water level in the oceans dropped
• This revealed the Bering Land Bridge,
connecting Asia to North America
Migration
• When a large group of people or animals
moves from one place to another
• Humans originated in Africa and slowly
migrated to different parts of the world over
thousands of years
Nomadic
• People who move from place to place without
a permanent home
• Humans were nomadic until the Neolithic
Revolution (10,000 BCE – 2,000 BCE)
– This means humans moved from place to place for
millions of years and migrated to different parts of
the world
The Stone Age
• The Stone Age lasted almost 2 million years!
• The Stone Age is divided into 3 different time
periods:
– Paleolithic (Paleo = Early)
– Mesolithic (Meso = Middle)
– Neolithic (Neo = New)
The Stone Age
• Paleolithic Age (2 million BCE to 12,000 BCE)
– The climate went through an Ice Age and began to
warm up at the end
– Hunter-gatherers that moved from place to place
• They moved to follow their food sources and find
places that weren’t too cold
The Stone Age
• Paleolithic Age (2 million BCE to 12,000 BCE)
– Little technology during this time. All tools were
made out of stone (mostly flint)
The Stone Age
• Mesolithic Age (12,000 BCE to 10,000 BCE)
– Climate continued to get warmer
– The microlith was invented- A small triangular
shaped blade of stone used in knives and spears
– Other inventions: boats from hollowed logs,
fishing nets and hooks
The Stone Age
• Neolithic Revolution (10,000 BCE to 2,000
BCE)
– Agriculture: People learned how to plant and
harvest crops
– People began to live in cities and towns
– The first governments were formed
The Neolithic Revolution
• People began to settle in the “Fertile Crescent”
between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
– This is where the world’s first farmers began
– Today, these countries are Iraq, Syria, Israel, and
Turkey
The Neolithic Revolution
• Most historians believe that women were the
first farmers
• They believe that the women noticed patterns
in the growth of wild plants and learned how
to cultivate plants
• Cultivate- Using land for growing crops
The Neolithic Revolution
• Domestication- Growing plants to eat or
using animals for work and food
– Humans began to domesticate dogs to help
with hunting about 12,000 BCE
– Farm animals were domesticated around
8,000 BCE (goats, sheep, cows, pigs)
– The animals were used as a food source
(meat and milk) and to do work in the fields
(plowing)
The Neolithic Revolution
• Because fewer people were needed in the fields
for farming and hunting, they could specialize in
other trades:
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Making tools and weapons
Building houses
Making clothes
Merchants
• Specialization led to innovation, and innovation
led to improvement in people's lives
Human Civilizations
• Civilization- A well-organized and developed
society
• Why do humans form civilizations?
3 Things Each Civilization Must Have
• Water Source
• Food Source
• Shelter
7 Characteristics of a Civilization
• As humans began to settle down and live
in one place, civilizations developed
– During the Neolithic Revolution, humans
began to live in one place and were no
longer nomads because they learned how
to farm for their food
• To be considered a civilization, there are
seven characteristics that must be
present:
Characteristics of a Civilization
• Cities- Large populations of people with
specialized labor. Not a small group of people
Characteristics of a Civilization
• Job Specialization- People learn specific skills
and become an expert in one area.
Characteristics of a Civilization
• Government- With so many people living
together, leadership must:
– Make laws (establish order)
– Handle large scale projects (build roads, etc.)
– Establish defenses (armies)
Characteristics of a Civilization
• Advanced Technology (Public Works)- All
advances, inventions, and processes created
to make life easier. For everyone's good. (ex.
irrigation, walls to protect the city, road
systems, government buildings, etc.)
Characteristics of a Civilization
• Language (or writing system)- Formal,
organized system. Used to keep track of their
religion and beliefs. Used in government to
keep track of their laws.
Characteristics of a Civilization
• Social Classes - Hierarchy based on what you
can do. Over time, individuals inherited class
status from their families.
Characteristics of a Civilization
• Religion- Organized system of beliefs. Religious
leaders would conduct elaborate ceremonies
to worship gods.
• Religion tries to answer questions about life:
– Where did we come from?
– What happens when we die?
– What is the meaning of life?