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Chapter 5: Ecosystems and the Living Environment YOUR RESPONSIBILITY….. PAGES 81-88 AND 92-94 & ALL CASE IN POINTS/ENVIROBREIFS! Evolution - Dates back to Aristotle. -___________________ proposed the mechanism that is accepted today. Main idea: inherited traits favorable to survival in a given environment tend to be preserved, and unfavorable ones are eliminated. - “________________ of the _________________” - Results in ADAPTATION = - Accumulation of modifications may result in a _______________________ Darwin proposed his theory in: Main Idea: More favorable genes increase in frequency in successive generations, and fewer unfavorable genes survive. - Well-accepted in science - Mechanisms of evolution are still debated. EVOLUTION BY NATURAL SELECTION - Darwin’s 4 observations about nature: 1. Overproduction 2. Variation 3. Limits to Population Growth (Struggle for Survival) 4. Differential Reproductive Success TYPES of NATURAL SELECTION Stabilizing Selection Diversifying (Disruptive) Selection -It pays to be _______________ -Occurs when the environment changes little, and most species are well-adapted. -Often mistaken for no selection. -It pays to be _______________ -It pays to be _______________ Example Description Directional Selection TYPES OF SPECIES EVOLUTION Type Description Convergent Evolution Divergent Evolution Adaptive Radiation (Special Type of Divergent Evolution) Co-Evolution What is the difference between Natural Selection & Species Evolution?? Example Biological Communities • Species compete with one another for: • Vary greatly in _________, lack precise ________________, and are rarely completely ______________ - they interact and influence one another. • There are communities nestled within one another like a set of Chinese boxes. Succession = -As the environment changes, the community living in that environment changes as well. PRIMARY (1°) Pioneer Species: Rock Lichens Soil Grass Non-Woody Plants Pine Trees Hardwood Trees Secondary (2°) Pioneer Species: Grass Non-Woody Plants Pine Trees Hardwood Trees ORDER UP Pages 89-92 # QUESTION Keystone Species & Symbiosis ANSWER Keystone Species • Species that are more crucial to the _______________________________________________________. • Species that are vital in _________________________________________________________________. • Not the most abundant organisms but exert a profound influence on the entire ecosystem b/c they often: Wolves Sea Otters Symbiotic Relationships 1. ( / ) 2. ( / ) 3. ( / ) Predation Strategies (Pursuit & Ambush) Adaptations for Plants Warning Coloration & Mimicry Adaptations for Animals Niche • • • • Same as Habitat?? Does it relate to Habitat?? What an organism does – it’s “_______” Includes ______________ and _______________ factors • NO TWO SPECIES CAN SHARE EXACTLY THE SAME NICHE! • Species CAN have similar niches. Fundamental vs. Realized Niche Limiting Factor Density Dependent: Density Independent: Competition Intraspecific VS Interspecific Competitive Exclusion Species Richness • • The number of species present in a community Ex: Tropical Rainforest & Coral Reefs VS Geographically isolated islands & Mountaintops • Factors that affect species richness: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Which ecosystem has higher richness? Evenness? 1. Abundance of Potential Ecological Niches • A more ______________________________community will have more varied food & habitat sources, allowing a _______________________. – Ex: forest vs. grassland 2. Near the Margins of Adjacent Communities • Here, species richness is usually _____________ as compared to the center. – ECOTONE = – Why would species richness be greater here?? – Change in species composition at the ecotones = __________________________ 3. Geographical Isolation • Species Richness is _____________ related to this. • Isolated communities tend to be less diverse… why??? • Geographical Isolation can lead to __________________!!!!! 4. One species is Dominant over others • This _____________ species richness! Why??? • Chihuahuan Desert 5. Habitat Stress • This _____________ species richness! Why??? 6. Geological History • A region that has gone through many climate changes will have ____________ species richness… why?? • Name some places with… High species richness? Low species richness? **Summary** Species richness is great when… – – – There are _____________ potential ecological niches You’re _______________ adjacent communities The community is / is not isolated – – – The community is / is not severely stressed There is _____________ species dominance over others Communities have _______________ geologic history Effects of Species Richness on Ecosystem Services & Community Stability • The greater the ecosystem’s Species Richness, the… o ____________ the ecosystem’s ability to supply Ecosystem Services. o ____________ the Community Stability (ability to withstand environmental disturbances)