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SA B www.sabapark.org A NSERVA TI CO O ON Saba Conservation Foundation PO Box 18, The Bottom Saba, Caribbean Netherlands F The Nature of Saba Visitor Information UN D AT I O N The Saba Conservation Foundation (SCF) is a not-for-profit organization established in 1987 with a mission to preserve and manage Saba’s natural and cultural heritage. Committed to the belief that a stronger island economy will result from the sustainable use of Saba’s rich and virtually unspoiled resources. The organization carries out the majority of nature management for the island. In order to achieve its goals, the SCF promotes the development of parks and protected areas, manages a network of hiking trails, encourages the preservation of historic buildings and promotes supportive scientific research and education. The SCF owns Saba’s Terrestrial Park and oversees the operations of the Saba National Marine Park and the Saba Bank National Park. Vegetation Types Physiography and geography The Summit of Mt Scenery Dense vegetation with a variety of species covers the top of Mount Scenery and upper sections of the slope. The Elfin Forest covers about 8 hectares (20 acres) with the dominant tree being the (1) Mountain Mahogany. (2) Epiphytes grow on trunks, branches and leaves of other plants. (3) Orchids are among the most common epiphytes present. They have special structures that allow them to absorb water quickly when available. Other epiphytes include (4) Liverworts, (5) Bromeliads, (6) Mosses and (7) Ferns. In addition, (8) Mountain Cabbage or Palm and several species of shrubs including (9) Wild Plantain, (10) Tree Ferns and Mountain Manna are very common. At present, the low cover and height of the trees are a result of severe disturbances by hurricanes, especially Hurricane Georges in 1998. High hilltops and lower slopes Just below the top, but still high on the mountain, are Mountain Palms and different species of Tree Ferns. (11) Elephant Ears and Wild Plantain trees are abundant. Lower down on the slopes, the fairly tall vegetation usually shows no distinction between the tree and shrub layers. The average cover and number of species are considerably less than that of the vegetation higher on Mt. Scenery. Redwood and (12) Mountain Fuchsia are wild tree species that grow in this zone. Cactus species including the (13) Prickly Pear Cactus and (14) Sea Grape trees with edible purple fruits can also be found. Meadows and cliffs Grassy meadows with scattered shrubs are mainly found on the lowest southern and eastern slopes of Saba. This small patch of meadows to the northeast of the old sulfur mine differs from the other meadows of this species-composition. The grass Botriochloa pertusa is the most abundant. Shrubs such as Marron and Baye Withe are found scattered in this zone. Steep cliffs surround the island of Saba and are mostly barren slopes: partly rubble and partly rocky. The steep terrain, sheer bluffs dropping almost straight down to the ocean’s edge, prevents the formation of mangrove swamps or the establishment of much shore zone vegetation. The island of Saba forms part of the inner arc of islands stretching between the Virgin Islands and Venezuela. All of these islands are of volcanic origin resulting in an extremely mountainous topography. 1 10 2 Saba is approximately 13 square kilometers (5 square miles) in area with Mt. Scenery as its highest elevation at 877 meters (2877 feet) above sea level. The slopes of the peaks and domes are steep, in some places exceeding 60º. Several valleys or ravines locally known as “guts” run down the slopes of the mountain. A few level plateaus can be found, the largest being the valley of The Bottom and Flat Point. 7 6 11 9 5 4 Cloud covered Top of Mt. Scenery The average annual rainfall for Saba is about 1,000 millimeters (40 inches). Precipitation varies depending on elevation and exposure to the eastern trade winds. The dry season is normally between December and July. Cliffs along Well’s Bay 3 12 Flora and Fauna Flora Saba’s plant life is a mixture of species brought in by the early colonists and native species. Introduced species include Mango, Avocado, (15) Sour Lemon and other fruit trees that now grow wild. Saba’s national flower, (16) the Black-eyed Susan, is a native of South Africa probably brought in by Dutch colonists and is commonly found along the trails. The wide variety of flowering plants range from prolific (17) Oleander and (18) Hibiscus found in gardens, to wild flowers and orchids in the rainforest. The (19) Wild Begonia and (20) Wild Raspberry are also common along the rainforest trails. Reptiles and Amphibians The island’s small lizards seen along footpaths from sea level up to the top of Mt. Scenery are a species of (21) Anolis lizard found only on Saba. The color differences between males and females are unique. The male has black leopard spots and displays an orange-yellow dewlap during courtship, while the females are smaller and usually a drab olive color. The non-poisonous and harmless (22) Black Racer (Red-bellied Racer) snake is a common encounter along the trails and roadsides. Although it typically disappears quickly into a nearby bush, it will sometimes remain undisturbed waiting to stalk prey and you can approach it quite closely. The species is only found on Saba and St. Eustatius. Black Racer snake 20 15 21 Large Iguana lizards are also sometimes seen along the roads and most often on a hike to Old Booby Hill. (23) The Lesser Antillean Whistling Frog is a tiny tree frog that is more often heard than seen. After sunset, the sounds of the tree frogs blend harmoniously with the distinctive noises of crickets. Birds Saba is home to at least 100 bird species, many of which are sea birds. Bridled Terns, Sooty Terns, and Brown Noddies breed every year in late spring on Green Island, a small cay just off the north coast. Red-billed and White-tailed Tropicbirds nest in the holes and crevices of the high cliffs while Frigatebirds and Brown Boobies soar near the coast. Saba’s diverse vegetative zones provide habitat for a wide variety of land birds. Five species of doves and pigeons live on the island and several others have been known to visit. The small Common Ground-dove can be found at the dry lower elevations whereas the secretive Bridled Quail-dove frequents the higher wet forest. Red-tailed Hawks can be seen on the lower slopes while Thrashers, Hummingbirds, and Bananaquits can be found at higher elevations. The (24) Pearly-eyed Thrasher is one of the most common birds seen both in the villages and in the forests. 22 16 19 8 18 17 24 23 13 14 Saba is located within the Caribbean hurricane belt. The hurricane season starts in July and normally lasts until November. Temperature, humidity, and rainfall vary significantly with altitude on high volcanic islands such as Saba. The vegetation varies within distinctive zones which are also related to altitude and humidity. Several vegetation types exist on the island. Clouds often cover the top of Mt. Scenery, resulting in cloud forest vegetation. Slightly lower in a belt where high rainfall occurs, rainforest vegetation is present. Still lower on the slopes where humidity decreases, the vegetation gradually becomes drier. Plants and trees found closer to shore often adapt to the salty environment. The species found at higher elevations would not survive at sea level. Black-Eyed Susan Saba’s Nature Trails A. The Ladder I. North Coast Trail Access: from The Bottom, follow the road past the hospital towards Well’s Bay. Bear left at the junction by the lookout gazebo. After a short distance down the steep road you will see the trailhead sign on the left. Time: 1 hour round trip Degree of difficulty: strenuous (on the way back up) Special features: historic step road by which cargo was hauled up from Ladder Bay to The Bottom. Mahogany trees, Cinnamon trees, beautiful vistas. Access: from the main trailhead in Lower Hell’s Gate. Time: 3½ hours one-way Degree of difficulty: strenuous - must be accompanied by a guide Special features: Spectacular ocean views, ruins of Mary’s Point Note: Due to erosion, only guided hikes are allowed beyond the All Too Far junction or past Mary’s Point, when starting from Well’s Bay. B. Crispeen Track Access: from the Mt. Scenery steps just below the end of the Mountain Road (at the first shelter) or from the road from The Bottom to Windwardside, just above The Bottom. Time: 30 minutes to Crispeen, one hour to Rendezvous from The Bottom. Degree of difficulty: moderate Special features: Views of The Bottom and secondary rainforest. Access: from the junction at either the North Coast Trail or the Sandy Cruz Trail. Time: 1-2½ hours one-way (depending on hiking the trail up or down). Degree of difficulty: moderate-strenuous Special features: this trail connects the North Coast Trail with the Sandy Cruz Trail. It meanders through dry scrub vegetation and lush rainforest, with spectacular views of the Pirate Cliffs. C. Mas’ Cohone’s Hill Trail K. Bottom Mountain Trail Access: Look for the trailhead signboard on your left as you head up to Mt. Scenery from Windwardside. Time: 20 minutes one-way Degree of difficulty: moderate Special features: a short alternative for those who don’t want to undertake the climb to the top of Mt. Scenery, with great plant diversity and a wonderful view of Windwardside. Access: from the road opposite Queen’s Gardens Hotel or the junction at Rendezvous. Time: 1½ hour Degree of difficulty: moderate Special features: secondary forest, transition to rainforest, occasionally farmed land, Mango trees, Mammee Apple trees, and views of The Bottom. D. Mount Scenery Trail Access: from Windwardside opposite the Trail Shop. Alternative access is from the end of the Mountain Road (this will reduce hiking time by about 25 minutes) or from the Bud’s Mountain Trail, which joins the Mt. Scenery trail at the highest shelter. Time: 2½ hours Degree of difficulty: strenuous Special features: 1,064 steps to the highest point in the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Unique cloud forest (Elfin Forest) vegetation at the top. Note: the steps near the top are always slippery; even shaded portions of the trail at lower elevations can be slippery. A hiking stick is highly recommended! E. Sandy Cruz Trail Access: the trailhead is at the end of the first dead end road that winds through Upper Hell’s Gate (Zion’s Hill). If you are walking to the trailhead, signs will direct you from the main road. Or you can start from the road on Troy Hill, which will increase the hiking time by about half an hour. Time: 2½ hours Degree of difficulty: moderate Special features: lush rainforest, abandoned farmland, great views, trail crosses Saba’s Terrestrial Park. F. Sulfur Mine Trail Access: going down from Upper Hell’s Gate (Zion’s Hill) towards the airport, follow the second side road (the one that branches sharply to the left); the trail starts at the end of the paved road. Time: 40 minutes one-way Degree of difficulty: moderate Special features: part of Saba’s Terrestrial Park; location of the old McNish Sulfur Mine; great views of cliffs and airport; seabird watching (bring your binoculars!). Note: Exploring the mine is possible when permitted. Flashlights are essential. Temperatures and humidity inside the mine are high. Enter at your own risk. Maximum stay in mine should not exceed 15 minutes. Upper levels have been blocked. G. Flat Point (The Tidepools) Trail Access: from the road below the airport to Cove Bay. Time: 30 minutes Degree of difficulty: an easy walk to the bluff overlooking the tidepools; a steep scramble over rocks to get down to the pools Special features: lava flows; colorful saltwater pools with abundant marine life; ruins of an indigo boiling house. Note: Mind the ocean! Don’t climb too far down when the sea is wild. H. Spring Bay Trail Access: from the Agriculture Center in English Quarter (along the road from Windwardside to Hell’s Gate/Zion’s Hill) or from Kelbey’s Ridge near the Airport. Time: 2 - 3 hours one-way Degree of difficulty: strenuous Special features: dry forest and dry scrub vegetation; beautiful vistas; ruins of a sugar cane boiling house. Note: Take enough water and sunblock—this is a long and hot hike; Cooler due to shade if started in the early afternoon. Beware of Manchineel trees along the trail. Don’t seek shelter under them and don’t eat their poisonous fruits! Trail Map J. All Too Far Trail F G J I E H L. Bud’s Mountain Trail Access: from the Bottom Mountain Trail or opposite the last (3rd) rest shed on the Mt. Scenery Trail Time: 1½ hours up hill Degree of difficulty: moderate Special features: good example of secondary rainforest. Note: This trail is a nice alternative on the way down from Mount Scenery. L K D A M. Tara Ground Trail B Access: from the Bottom Mountain trail. Time: 45 minutes from the junction on the Bottom Mountain trail to the junction on the Crispeen Track Degree of difficulty: moderate-easy Special features: dense secondary forest with large mango trees. C M N P? N. Parish Hill Trail Access: the trail starts at the beginning of the road from The Bottom down to Fort Bay, next to the Cable Office or behind the Hospital. Time: 1½ hours Degree of difficulty: moderate Special features: Parish Hill is one of the younger volcanic domes (less than 100,000 years old); great views of The Bottom and St. John’s; deep caves. Note: Caves should only be entered with an experienced guide and adequate equipment. O O. Gile’s Quarter Trail Access: from the Dancing Place Trail on top of the ridge or the dirt road below the stone crusher at the eastern end of Fort Bay. Time: 2 hours Degree of difficulty: strenuous Special features: great ocean vistas along the coastline, impressive view of The Road from below, old farming structures, including a functioning well near the beach at “Hole in the Corner”. Note: Take enough water and sunblock—this is a long and hot hike. P. Dancing Place Trail Planning Your Visit: Get the latest information about the trail conditions at the Trail Shop. Trail Manners Access: from the road from Windwardside to St. John’s at the Lion’s club sign or from “The Road” monument between Windwardside and St. John’s. Time: 20 minutes one-way Degree of difficulty: easy Special features: great views of the south coast. Help to keep the trail clean. Please carry your own litter out to be properly disposed of in a trash container. Q. Middle Island Trail A picked flower soon dies. Please leave all plants and flowers for others to enjoy after you. Access: from The Bottom towards Well’s Bay, turn down to the left at The Gap and continue past The Ladder until you reach the trailhead at the end of the road. Time: 1 hour and 15 minutes Degree of difficulty: easy Special features: heritage trail, remains of an old open cistern, impressive farm stonewalls, a cavern, dry forest and great views across Ladder- and Well’s Bay. Purple-throated Carib Hummingbird Leave the trail cleaner than you found it by picking up any litter that other people have left behind. Be considerate to others. Loud noises can disturb wildlife as well as other hikers wishing to enjoy the serenity of the area. All trails are on private land and we are allowed to use the trails because of the landowners’ generosity. Please respect the landowners and do not wander off the trails. Do not pick the fruits in the plantations. For Your Safety Carry plenty of drinking water with you. The heat of the tropical sun will force you to considerably increase your normal fluid intake. Protect yourself against sunburn or sunstroke by wearing a broad-brimmed hat and a high-strength sunblock lotion. Sturdy walking, running or tennis shoes are sufficient for the trails. However, hiking boots will provide an additional level of comfort and security. As you gain elevation and enter the rainforest, the temperature may drop markedly. You may want to bring along a light jacket or anorak. Trails can frequently be slippery, especially in the rainforest. A hiking stick can provide extra stability and can be borrowed or purchased at the Trail Shop. Nature fees and donations The SCF is responsible for meeting the major expense of nature management and most funds are raised through nature fees and private contributions. The small nature fee is requested at your hotel and other donations to support us are very welcome. Your investment in the longevity of the natural environment is greatly appreciated. SA B A NSERVA TI CO O www.sabapark.org ON Saba National Marine Park PO Box 18, The Bottom Saba, Caribbean Netherlands F Diving in Saba Visitor Information UN D AT I O N The Saba National Marine Park (SNMP) was established in 1987 with the objective to preserve and manage Saba’s marine resources. The SNMP was not founded to repair a damaged environment but rather to ensure the continued quality of an extraordinary resource for the benefit and enjoyment of everyone in perpetuity. The SNMP surrounds the entire island and extends from the highwater mark down to a depth of 60 meters (~200 feet), including the seabed and overlying waters. The SNMP is administered by the Saba Conservation Foundation, a not-for-profit organization with a mission to contribute to the development and preservation of Saba’s natural and cultural heritage. The SNMP raises revenue through visitor fees, souvenir sales and donations. The island’s commercial diving business introduced scuba enthusiasts to the wealth of Saba’s underwater world starting in the 1980s. The establishment of the SNMP soon afterward assured the health of the undersea environment and thus the sustainability of dive tourism, today a major contributor to the island economy. Saba plunges below the sea as steeply as it rises above it. From shallow patch reefs to deep underwater seamounts, Saba offers dive sites suitable for every diver’s level of experience. Due to the steep coastal zone, shore diving is virtually impossible. Therefore, all diving is done safely from a boat with one of Saba’s licensed dive centers. Their expertise contributes to a safe, convenient, and informative diving experience. Underwater lava flows and hot springs are the most obvious evidence of Saba’s volcanic origins. The reefs are populated with schools of tropical fish and healthy coral. Sheer close-to-shore walls are covered with sponges of all sizes, and the heavily encrusted deep-water seamounts attract pelagic creatures that are not normally seen by divers. Unusual and exciting sightings are always possible in Saba’s waters, including frequent shark sightings. Saba offers year-round diving with seasonal differences in water temperature and surface conditions. The approximate water temperature varies between 26°C and 28°C (79°F-82°F). Visibility ranges from a minimum of 18 meters (60 feet) but can be virtually unlimited. Poor weather conditions and heavy rainfall may influence visibility, but it typically improves again very quickly. Bioluminescent ostracods Lionfish Recently, bioluminescent ostracods have become a major night dive attraction. In 2010 the invasive lionfish also arrived in Saba’s waters. Although their spread seems not to be as dramatic as in other areas, the marine park staff and volunteer divers attempt to control populations. The Hot Spring area is one of the few places in the Caribbean where this extraordinary light show, the mating behavior by tiny crustaceans, can be seen. Fortunately, Saba’s dramatic coastline naturally limits coastal development. Pressure on marine resources has always been modest even as the island population has increased without runoff or sewer problems. The quality of the marine environment, strong coral communities, and rich and varied fish life continue to lure divers to Saba’s unspoiled waters. Under certain conditions, a special license to remove lionfish can be obtained at the marine park office. “In the end we will conserve only what we love. We love only what we understand. We will understand only what we are taught.” - Baba Dioum, Senegalese conservationist and poet Nurse Shark Saba Marine Life Ostracods Lionfish Endangered Coral Reefs Coral reefs are among the most important marine ecosystems in the world. Aside from their magnificent beauty, coral reefs provide dwelling places for thousands of animals and plants, which have high economic value and provide food to millions of people. Groupers Sharks Hawksbill Turtle Longsnout Seahorse The grouper is an excellent indicator species for fishing impact; the larger they are, the less pressure from fishing exists. In Saba, groupers are often found in the deep waters around The Pinnacles. Red Hinds and Yellow Fin Groupers are the most common species sighted, but Nassau Groupers can also be spotted quite often. Sharks have been feared and exploited for centuries, but as they inhabit the top of the food chain it is important that we understand their role in marine ecosystems. Shark sightings occur frequently in Saba, especially around The Pinnacles. Nurse Sharks and Caribbean Reef Sharks are the most common species, but Hammerhead Sharks, Bull Sharks and Tiger Sharks can also occasionally be seen. Sea turtle populations are declining throughout the Caribbean. Domestic and international laws have been established to protect these endangered species. In Saba, Hawksbill and Green Turtles are the most common. The turtles find good feeding grounds around the island. The SNMP minimizes impact on sea grass beds, the Green Turtles’ favorite food, by requesting yachts to utilize moorings or anchor in deeper waters only. Seahorse sightings are considered to be an incredible find among divers. The presence of this unique sea creature is not only a great tourist attraction, but it also signals the healthiness of the ecosystem, coral reef, and supporting seabed. Of the two species found in Saba, the Longsnout Seahorse is commonly found and the Lined Seahorse is very rare. Although they act as a natural barrier against wave action and coastal erosion, and appear to be sturdy, coral reefs are in fact very fragile. Fast population growth, dense coastal settlements, and destructive fishing techniques threaten coral reefs and their associated resources. Coastal and marine pollution also threaten the well-being of coral reefs and cause them to experience chronic stress. A potentially greater threat has emerged in the last two decades. Coral bleaching, a phenomenon associated with a variety of stresses both natural and human-induced, has affected coral reefs with increasing incidence and severity. Coral bleaching is most often caused by high water temperatures and high levels of UV light that influence the physiology of the coral and can cause a bleaching effect. This loss of color is due to the loss of symbiotic algae, which the coral polyp depends on for up to 90% of its food. Prolonged bleaching can lead to widespread coral mortality as the weakened corals are more vulnerable to disease and starvation. In Saba, bleaching events and coral diseases are still uncommon, although there was a Caribbean-wide bleaching event in 2005. Nonetheless, global climate change may also impact the health of the Saba reefs in the future. Coral reefs have lived under a wide variety of past climatic conditions, temperature, UV and ocean current patterns. In recent years, coral reefs have suffered a dramatic decline around the world. About 20% may already have been degraded beyond recovery. Unless an effective conservation plan is implemented, it has been predicted that more than two-thirds of the world’s coral reefs may collapse ecologically within this century. Careful management and maintenance of the environment are crucial to safeguard this valuable marine ecosystem. Today coral reefs are threatened by increased sea temperatures, storminess, UV levels, as well as changing current patterns, resulting from our current climate change. Dive Sites Dive Site Map The Pinnacles (sites 1-5) of Torrens Point headland. They do not exceed depths of 25 meters (82 feet), allowing for more bottom time to explore the rich waters and enjoy the magnificent fish life that abounds. Schools of Black Durgons and Barracudas swarm around the mooring lines while Black-tip Reef Sharks merge into the blue. Stingrays hover over the gray sandy bottom. Walls and rocks are covered with colorful sponges, smaller corals and Sea Fans. The fascinating Pinnacles that rise from the ocean floor up to depths of 30 meters (100 feet) were formed by past volcanic activity and are nourished by deep ocean currents. The Pinnacles are covered with corals, sponges and other invertebrates. Abundant sea life, including large groupers, jacks and turtles, is attracted to this area and provides a spectacular diving experience. Be cautious while diving around Diamond Rock because of strong currents. While this site may present challenging diving conditions, it also attracts abundant fish life. The Ladder Bay Area (sites 10-16) Tent Reef is also a favorite site for night dives with frequent Octopus, sleeping turtle and Spiny Lobster sightings. East Side Diving (sites 20-26) Shark sightings also occur frequently around these waters. Black-tip Reef Sharks, Gray Reef Sharks and Nurse Sharks are the most common species seen. The most unique structure not to be missed is the Eye-of-the-Needle, a pinnacle that rises up to 17 meters (56 feet) just off in the deep blue waters from Third Encounter. From Torrens Point to Diamond Rock (sites 6-9) The large spires at Wells Bay and Torrens Point form a protected cove, an ideal location for snorkeling or shallow diving. Underwater caves and tunnels are interesting structures to explore and the diver can encounter many aquatic life forms. Schools of Blue Tangs, Goatfish, and Parrotfish are characteristic in this area. Man O’ War Shoal and Diamond Rock appear to be submerged and semi-submerged extensions becomes fragmented and appears as a series of steep coral outcroppings separated by deep sand channels. Tubular Sponges, Elephant Ear Sponges and Black Coral dominate the wall. The original steps that Sabans used to access the island are known as The Ladder. Prior to the building of the Fort Bay Harbor, goods were brought by boat to the rocky shore of the leeward coast. Sabans carried the cargo by foot up the nearly vertical stairway to the village. Diving in this area unveils Saba’s volcanic origins. A natural labyrinth of groove formations and protrusions developed as a result of lava flows. If you bury your hand in the sand where it is yellow/brown colored, the geothermal temperature differences of the sea floor become quite evident. Large boulders and gray sand dominate the area and the most common species of coral are Star Coral, Brain Coral and Gorgonian. Curious Barracudas may approach divers very closely. Tent Reef Area (sites 17-19) Just west of the Fort Bay Harbor is another unusual geological structure known as Tent Reef. It is an extended rock ledge that starts at only four meters (13 feet) deep but becomes progressively deeper as you head northwest. The ledge is deeply undercut at some points, providing shelter to large snappers. It turns into a sheer wall that gradually Diving on this side of the island depends on suitable weather. However, visibility tends to be exceptional when the weather is calm. Most of Saba’s diving offers views of coral encrusted boulders of volcanic origin, but only Greer Gut and Giles Quarter are true coral reefs (i.e. made out of limestone). Diverse species of reef fish and other marine life, along with the white sand covering the sea floor, provide a very different diving experience compared to Saba’s other sites. Exposure to the Atlantic side fosters the development of hard coral structures more often than soft coral. Close to shore, well-developed Elkhorn Coral formations occur although the risk exists of periodic destruction by wave action and storms. These coral branches are fragile, but they tend to recover quickly due to high growth rates. For Your Safety To ensure your personal safety as well as the safety of our valuable marine resources, the Saba National Marine Park has developed the following diving regulations: Gloves are not permitted while diving. This is to eliminate the temptation of touching the coral. One glove can be used while ascending the mooring line if the diver wishes. Good buoyancy control will help avoid contact with corals, gorgonians or sponges. They are living invertebrates that can be easily damaged. Practice buoyancy skills before diving on the reef. Introducing foreign food substances into the reef environment is harmful. It may cause behavioral changes that could cause fish to be more vulnerable to disease and predation. Therefore, do not feed the fish. Underwater Photography and Video The abundance of marine life makes Saba a perfect place for underwater photography and video, although these activities require advanced diving skills. Taking a camera in the water will change both buoyancy and balance. Therefore you should practice these skills with your camera before attempting a reef dive. It is also essential that you avoid all contact with the reef and your subject so that no damage is caused. To get the most out of this fascinating activity, it is important to follow certain guidelines that will allow you to shoot your best photos and videos: • Stay at least one meter (3 feet) away from your desired subject. Remember that you may be considerably closer than your viewfinder suggests. • Position yourself and your equipment before attempting your shot. • Your shots should show your underwater friends at home in their natural habitat. Repeatedly flashing a strobe, touching or moving your subject may cause stress on the creatures. • Get buoyancy correct before trying to get close to your subject. • Make all camera and strobe adjustments before moving in to take the shot. • Once you have taken your shot and are ready to move on, inhale to ascend and to keep you off the bottom. Do not push off from the reef and do not fin until you are clear of the reef. SA B A NSERVA TI CO O www.sabapark.org ON Saba National Marine Park PO Box 18, The Bottom Saba, Caribbean Netherlands F Anchorage Saba Visitor Information UN D AT I O N The Saba National Marine Park (SNMP) was established in 1987 with the objective to preserve and manage Saba’s marine resources. The SNMP ensures the continued quality of an extraordinary resource for the benefit and enjoyment of everyone in perpetuity. The SNMP surrounds the entire island and extends from the highwater mark down to a depth of 60 meters (~200 feet), including the seabed and overlying waters. The SNMP is administered by the Saba Conservation Foundation, a not-for-profit organization with a mission to contribute to the development and preservation of Saba’s natural and cultural heritage. The SNMP raises revenue through visitor fees, souvenir sales and donations. Christopher Columbus sighted Saba during his second voyage to the western hemisphere on November 13, 1493. The island fell under Spanish rule for almost 150 years, although according to Spanish records, there is no indication that colonization was ever attempted. It is assumed that during the years of Spanish rule, ships passing Saba may have landed from time to time to explore the island. In 1632, a group of Englishmen who shipwrecked on Saba claimed that they found the island uninhabited. A Frenchman claimed the island for the King of France in 1635 and around the year 1640, Holland sent colonists from the neighboring island of St. Eustatius to take up residence on Saba. The island changed nationality several times until the Dutch finally took possession of Saba in 1816. It is believed that many Sabans of European ancestry are descendants of Jamaican pirates, who had captured the island in 1665. During the Reformation, England underwent both religious and economic transformations and transported the unemployed and ‘undesirables’ to settle the became known as the ‘Island of Women’ during this period. Skooner ‘The Mayflower’ anchored at the Fort Bay, 1928. colonies. The West Indies were considered the most favorable depository for these outcasts, and most were deported to Jamaica. Later, African slaves gradually replaced the outcasts. Consequently, many European indentured servants turned to piracy for survival. For many years, Saba served as a refuge for the spoils of the pirates driven here from other islands by the colonists. The legacy of the pirates served Sabans well in later years as they continued to Value of the Coral Reefs Coral reefs are very important for humankind from economic, scientific, and recreational standpoints. The reefs are dwelling places for thousands of marine organisms, they protect the coast from large waves and swells and their ecosystems act as valuable food sources for millions of people. The diversity of life makes the reefs into a paradise for naturalists. Coral reefs may appear sturdy, but they are in fact very fragile. Human activities constitute a great threat and have resulted in the decline of coral reefs. Fast population growth, dense coastal settlements, and destructive fishing techniques threaten coral reefs and their associated resources. Coastal and marine pollution also threaten the well-being of coral and cause chronic stress to the marine ecosystem. e landed t erea er on t e island o Saba t ere is a ver large roc , ere ver large and palatable li ards are several sea-turtles come to s ore t ere group o ild people live t ere, t at are named gniris and o live in caves rom istoire et o ages des ndes ccidentales et de plusieurs autres regions, uillaume oppier, Bringing cargo ashore was not always easy as can be seen in this picture from 1964. make a living from the sea, fishing and engaging in legitimate trade that put them in contact with other islands. This resulted not only in trading relations, but also in marriages. Wives and husbands were constantly sought from overseas. As St. Eustatius grew into an important commercial center, Saban men found employment as sailors and captains on both locally owned and foreign schooners. In the early 1900s, Saban men spent long periods at sea and the island In the early days of navigation, boats were built on Saba at Tent Bay and Well’s Bay. Some weighed as much as 60 gross tons. Saba also had a navigation school, founded by Capt. Frederick Simmons, which started in 1909 and lasted until 1922. Schooners were later purchased in the United States and sailed back to Saba for use in the Caribbean trade. Later, Saban vessels carried many Caribbean island workers to employment at the oil refineries in Curaçao and Aruba. This trade proved to be very profitable, and owners of these vessels became very wealthy. Saba has seen many changes since it was first settled by the Europeans in the 17th Century. Saba remained quite isolated until the development of reasonable harbor facilities and ‘The Road’ was built. In recent years, it has developed very quickly both socially and economically. The completion of the island’s 400-meter (437 yards) landing strip in 1963 launched a regular air service to St. Maarten. After the cargo was brought to shore it still had to be carried up the steep hills to The Bottom. The establishment of the Saba National Marine Park in 1987 enhanced the island’s diving business, which has become a major source of tourism income contributing to an improved island economy. Conservation efforts have successfully protected Saba’s virtually unspoiled resources, resulting in a perfect destination for Caribbean travelers looking for unique land and sea adventures. Activities In recent years, coral reefs have suffered a dramatic decline around the world. About 20% may already have been degraded beyond recovery. Unless an effective management system is implemented, it has been predicted that more than two-thirds of the world’s coral reefs may collapse ecologically within this century. Increased awareness of the importance of conservation activities will become an urgent priority to ensure the safety of such an extraordinary marine resource. While visiting the Saba National Marine Park, you can help prevent anchor damage to coral by making use of the available mooring system. Scuba Diving Snorkeling Hiking Villages Serene coral reefs and varied fish life characterize Saba’s underwater world. The Pinnacles are one of the most intriguing features of Saba’s marine environment. They rise from the ocean floor to depths of 30 meters (~100 feet). Nourished by deep ocean currents, the Pinnacles are encrusted with corals, sponges, and other invertebrates that attract teeming fish life. One of the favorite snorkeling sites is Torrens Point. Its protected geomorphology and shallow water provide an excellent spot to encounter colorful tropical fish, turtles and many other aquatic life forms. You can choose to explore the small caves or swim through the tunnel that leads you to the northern side of Torrens Point. Saba offers a variety of hiking and walking excursions. Numerous nature trails will bring you in close contact with the natural and historical features of the island. Saba’s best known hiking adventure is Mt. Scenery. This trail meanders through secondary rainforest to the Elfin Forest at its peak. Pay a visit to the Trail Shop for details on all the beautiful trails. A leisurely walk through the village of Windwardside features narrow paths bordered by flower-draped walls and neat picket fences. The architecture is a vivid expression of Saba’s cultural heritage. Well-kept cottages with their red-shingled roofs, white sidings, green shutters and gingerbread trimmings exemplify the traditional building style. Anchorage Saba SAFETY REGULATIONS While visiting the Saba National Marine Park, please conform to the following regulations for your personal safety as well as the safety of our valuable marine resources. Yacht moorings located east of Fort Bay and within the Ladder to Well’s Bay anchorage area specifically for use by visiting boats up to 20m (66ft) long or max. 50 tons. 1 Mooring specifically for licensed diving vessels up to 16m (52ft) long. Mooring specifically for licensed diving vessels up to 32m (105ft) long. All scuba diving must be done with one of Saba’s licensed dive centers. Spear fishing, turtle catching, and conch collecting are not allowed. Water skiing, jet-skiing and fishing are not permitted in the Saba National Marine Park recreational dive zones. Anchoring in coral or anywhere within a recreational dive zone is prohibited. Do not take coral or any other bottom-dwelling plants or animals. Do not litter or discharge any foreign substances into the water. When passing a boat flying a dive flag, always pass on the seaward side at least 150 meters (150 yards) away. When approaching Fort Bay or other anchorage areas, speed must not exceed 5 knots (no wake). All moorings are checked and maintained carefully by the park staff. Please help to keep the moorings safe and immediately report any defects to the Marine Park Visitor Center located at Fort Bay. 2. Fort Bay Harbor 1. The Ladder to Well’s Bay Area 2 Ladder to Well’s Bay 1. Ladder to Wells Bay 2. Fort Bay Planning your visit There are two designated anchorage zones within the Saba National Marine Park, (1) the Ladder Bay to Well’s Bay area and (2) the Fort Bay Harbor (see maps). Upon arrival, you must visit the harbor building at Fort Bay to clear Customs & Immigration on the ground floor. Then proceed to the Harbor Office on the top floor. Finally, you need to check in with the Marine Park (up the steps of the building in the middle of the harbor). In case our offices are closed, there is a Self-Check-In box with information brochures, forms and envelopes on the balcony. Limited docking space is available in the Fort Bay Harbor so it is necessary for boats to anchor out and come in with a dinghy. Although it may appear The anchorage area from Ladder Bay to Well’s Bay has very beautiful views and is adjacent to high cliffs embedded with huge rocks. that docking space is available, it is best to check with the Harbor Master first about ship traffic. Since the pier is small, it is used only as a loading/ unloading dock unless given special permission by the Harbor Master. Contact the Saba National Marine Park office or Harbor Master on VHF channel 16 for direction on anchoring, mooring use, or any other information. The Saba National Marine Park is selffinanced, so a nominal fee is charged to cover the cost of maintenance and management of marine resources. These fees must be paid at the Marine Park visitor center at the Fort Bay. The mooring system Permanent mooring buoys have been placed within the Saba National Marine Park for specific users. All moorings are 45 centimeter (18 inch) float balls with a blue reflective band. They are color-coded to indicate the various user groups. You may find other moorings in the Fort Bay area that are not the property of the Saba National Marine Park. These are for private use only. Yellow moorings are specifically for use by visiting yachts. They cannot be reserved and are on a first-come, first-served basis. Vessels are allowed to occupy these moorings for up to seven days. White and orange moorings are used by licensed diving vessels only. However, there is one white mooring at Torrens Point that can be used by any visitor for snorkeling purposes. Use approximately 10 meters (33 feet) of your own dock line to add scope and to alleviate tension and chafing on the mooring line. First, secure one end to a cleat on deck. Next, pull the other end through the eye of the mooring line and secure to another cleat on deck (see diagram). Aside from the attractive surroundings, Ladder Bay to Well’s Bay offers the best anchorage area under normal conditions, with numerous yellow moorings available. For yachts larger than 20 meters (66 feet) or heavier than 50 tons, anchorage at seaside of the yellow moorings is recommended. This area provides excellent holding in clear sand and offers plenty of swinging room. When anchoring in this area, be sure to stay clear of the reef and boulder areas close to the shore. WARNING! During the winter months, ground swells originating from the storms in the North Atlantic occasionally appear. Your boat may be in serious danger when you are anchored too close to shore or with insufficient scope. Fort Bay Harbor Anchoring off Fort Bay is possible, but can be uncomfortable under certain conditions. For example, it is not recommended to anchor in this area during strong southeast winds or large southerly swells. However, this is the only anchorage to consider during northerly swells. The sea floor in the Fort Bay Harbor is sand, and it drops quickly down to 20 meters (66 feet) so it is important to anchor close to shore. The Saba National Marine Park provides moorings in the Fort Bay Harbor that are the same type as those in the Ladder to Well’s Bay anchorage zone. In addition, there is one large mooring with a yellow metal buoy located just 360 meters (0.2 miles) southeast of the pier. It may be used by yachts of any size or small cruise ships when available, but is not recommended for overnight anchorage.