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UNIT 7
THE BODY
I. The human body plan
• Body Tissue
– Collection of cells that work together to perform a
particular function
– 4 Main Types
1. Muscle
2. Nervous
3. Epithelial
4. Connective
1. Muscle Tissue
• Cells that can contract
– 3 types
1. Skeletal: moves bone *voluntary*
2. Smooth: uncontrolled movements *invol*
•
Ex: movement of food
3. Cardiac: heart muscle *invol*
2. Nervous Tissue
• Cells receive and transmit messages
• Makes up the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
• Also in some sensory organs
3. Epithelial Tissue
• Layer of cells that line or cover all internal and
external body surface
• Various thicknesses
• Skin: layer of dead cells
4. Connective Tissue
• Binds, supports, and protects structures in the
body
• Most abundant and diverse
– Ex: bone, cartil., tendons, fat, blood, lymph
• Matrix: intercellular substance; solid,
semisolid, liquid
II. Organs and Organ Systems
• Body Cavities
– Protect delicate internal organs from injury
– 4 Main body Cavities
1.
2.
3.
4.
Cranial: encases brain
Spinal: surrounds spinal cord
Thoracic: heart, esophagus, and respiratory organs
Abdominal: digestive, reproduct, excretory organs
• Diaphragm: muscle that separates thoracic
and abdom
I. Skeletal System
• About 206 bones
• Axial Skeleton: skull, ribs, spine, sternum
• Appendicular skeleton: arms, legs, scapula,
clavicle, pelvis
• Function
1. Rigid frame work
2. Store minerals for metabolic process
3. Produce RBS and some WBC
II. Bone Structure (206)
• Makes up less than 20% of body mass
• Moist living tissue
1. Periosteum: tough membrane, covers bones
surface; contains vessels and nerves
2. Compact bone: hard material, thicker layer
• Osteocytes: living bone cells
–
–
Osteoblasts: bone forming
Osteoclasts: bone destroying (Allow to Grow)
3. Spongy Bone: hard and strong
• Bone marrow:
– Red: produce RBC
– Yellow: fat cells (nrg reserve); can be
converted to RBC
• Fracture: if circul is maintained and
periosteum survives healing will
occur
III. Joints
• Where 2 bones meet
• 3 types of joints
1. Fixed
2. Semimovable
3. Moveable (most)
1. Fixed
• Prevents movement
– In the skull
2. Semimovable
• Limited movement
– Vertebrae, ribs
3. Movable (most)
• Hinge joint
– Move forward and backward. Ex: elbow, knee
• Ball-and-Socket
– Move up, down, forward, backward, rotate in
circle. Ex: shoulder
• Pivot joint
– Side to side, “yes, no” Ex: top 2 vert
• Saddle Joint
– Rotate and grasp Ex: ankle
III. Joints - continued
• Joint Structure
– Ligaments: holds bone to bone (LBB)
– Synovial fluid: lubric substance helps protect the
ends of the bones from damage by function
– Arthritis: painful, swollen joints
1. Rheumatoid arthritis: immune syst attacks body
2. Osteoarthritis: degen joint disease
Bone Test
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Phalanges
Carpal
Metacarpal
Sternum
Xiphoid process
Costal Cartilage
Calcaneus
Talus
Femur
Tibia
Fibula
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Radius
Ulna
Tarsals
Patella
Scapula
Clavicle
Humerus
Metatarsal
Bone Test - Continued
•
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Coccyx
Ilium
Pubis
Ischium
Sacrum
•
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Foramen magnum
Temporal bone
Maxilla
Mandible
Zygomatic bone
Frontal Bone
Nasal Bone
Mastoid Process
Occipital Bone
Parietal
Ligaments Test
Ankle / high ankle
• Anterior talofibular
ligament
• Tibiofibular ligament
Knee
• Anterior Cruciate Lig. (ACL)
• Posterior Cruciate Lig. (PCL)
• Tibial Collateral Lig.
• Fibular Collateral Lig.
• Lateral meniscus
• Medial meniscus
I. Muscular System
• 1/3 of weight (33%)
II. Muscular Movement of Bones
• Tendon: attach muscle to bone (TMB)
• Origin: point where muscle attaches to the bone
“Stationary” ex: scapula
• Insertion: point where muscle attaches to the
bone “moving” ex: forearm
• Muscles arranged in opposing pairs
– Flexor
– Extensor
• Move bones by pulling (sarcomere shortens in
length)
III. Muscular Fatigue
• Physiological inability of a muscle to contract
• Nrg
– Glucose, glycogen, fat
• Fatigue
1. Glycogen is converted into lactic acid
2. As the acid accumulates pH lowers
3. Muscle loses ability to contract
Muscle TEST
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Trapezius
Gastrocnemius
Gluteus Maximus
Latissimus dorsi
Deltoid
Biceps brachii
Triceps brachii
Pectoralis major
Rhomboid
Iliacus
Internal Intercostals
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Rectus abdominis
External oblique
Diaphragm
Sternocleidomastoid
Sartorius
Biceps femoris
Soleus
Rectus femoris
Masseter
I. Integumentary System
• Skin, hair, nails
1. Protect body from outside world
2. Retain body fluids
3. Protect against disease
4. Eliminate waste
5. Regulate body temp
A. Skin
• One of the largest organs
• 2 layers
1. Epidermis
2. Dermis
1. Epidermis
• Outer layer of skin
• Mostly dead cells
• Keratin: protein, gives skin rough, leathery,
waterproof quality
• Melanin: brown pigment
–
–
–
–
Absorbs harmful UV radiation
Amounts depend on 2 factors (heredity, UV exposure)
Increase is a response to injury by UV
UV can damage DNA and lead to skin cancer
2. Dermis
• Inner layer of skin
• Living cells and specialized structures
1. Sensory neurons
2. Blood vessels
3. Muscle fibers - - “Goose bumps”
•
•
Hair rise to look bigger
Increase amount of air between hairs to increase
body temp
4. Glands
• Sweat: cool body
• Oil:
soften skin, water proofing
5. Fat (right below dermis)
• Nrg reserve
• Protective layer
• insulation
3. Nails and Hair
• Nails
– Composed mostly of keratin
– 1 mm / wk
– Shape, structure, and appearance may be an indicator
of disease or poisoning
• Hair
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–
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–
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Protect and insulates body
Produced by Hair follicles
Dead keratin filled cells
Oil is secreted to keep hair from drying out
Hair color: melanin “hereditary”
4. Glands
• Sweat: cooling system by evapor
• Oil:
– Sebum: prevents water loss, moistens skin and
hair, mildly toxic to bacteria