Download Bio6FinalReview 2010/Rowe CIRCLE ALL THAT APPLY

Bio6FinalReview 2010/Rowe
CIRCLE ALL THAT APPLY
1. Populations all contain the same (communities/ species)
2. Communities contain more than one (ecosystem/ population)
3. Green plants and algae that make their own food are (autotrophs/producers/consumers)
4. Heterotrophs cannot make (other heterotrophs/ their own food)
5. The figure above showing the amount of living tissue mass at each trophic level is a/an (food
pyramid/ energy pyramid/ biomass pyramid)
6. If 90% is lost as you go up each trophic level, how much remains for the next level?
7. The above figure showing the repeated movement of water between the Earth’s surface and the
atmosphere represents the (nitrogen/ water/ carbon) cycle.
8. Primary productivity is defined as
Define and give examples of:
9. Predation
10. Parasitism
11. Competition
12. Symbiosis
13. Mutualism
14. Commensalism
15. Ecological succession
16. Primary succession
17. Primary succession can occur after (lava flow/ forest fire/ glacial retreat)
18. Secondary succession
19. Factors affecting population growth rate include (immigration/emigration/death rate/ birth rate)
20. When birth rate is (greater than/ less than) death rate the population growth rate increases.
21. A constant rate of reproduction in a community leads to a pattern of growth
called_________________________________________________.
22. Limiting factors cause population growth to____________________________.
23. List the density-dependent limiting factors.
24. Gregor Mendel is known as the Father of genetics. He used pea plants to study the inheritance of
___________________________.
Define
25. Homozygous (pure, true breeding)
26. Heterozygous (hybrid)
27. Dominant
28. Recessive
29. Codominant
30. Incomplete dominance
31. See Above figure. If a homozygous dominant tall plant crosses with a homozygous recessive short
plant, the F1 generation will have the genotype __ __.
If F1’s are allowed to self-pollinate, the offspring will be __% tall and __% short.
32. Mitosis results in ____ daughter cells that are genetically ___________________
33. Meiosis results in ____ daughter cells that are genetically____________________
DNA Transcription
34. What nucleic acid is made during transcription? (DNA/ RNA)
DNA Nucleotide (monomer unit)
35. What are the 3 components of the DNA nucleotide? What sugar is in DNA? RNA?
36. What are the 4 nitrogenous bases in DNA? RNA?
37. DNA in eukaryotes is located in the (nucleus/ cytoplasm) while the DNA of prokaryotes is located in
the (nucleus/ cytoplasm).
38. Genes contain instructions for making (inorganic molecules/ proteins)
Define:
39. Point mutation
40. Deletion
41. Inversion
42. Translocation
43. Another name for Protein synthesis is (transcription/ translation).
Codon wheel for genetic code
Define
Gene
Mutation
E. coli lac operon controls?
Gel electrophoresis
Recombinant DNA
Ian Wilmut cloned the first mammal, a _______________________.
Normal human karyotypes have _______________ # of chromosomes.
See above diagram. Circles represent __________ while squares represent ____________.
See above diagram. Barr bodies are condensed ______ chromosomes found in the nucleus of cells.
See above map. Charles Darwin did extensive studies at the _____________________ islands east of S
America.
The process of breeding only a farmer’s best livestock is (natural/ artificial) selection.
Adaptations can be ( physical/ behavioral/ geographical).
Examples of vestigial structures include the human appendix and coccyx, and the whale (vertebrae/
pelvis and femur).
Thomas Malthus, an economist, gave Darwin the idea that there would soon be (sufficient/ insufficient)
food for the growing human population.
The Theory of Evolution proposed by Darwin suggests that species (change/ remain the same) over
time.
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution is based on his hypothesis of (artificial/ natural) selection.
In genetic drift, frequencies of alleles change because of (chance/ movement).
Natural selection/ Mutations are required to maintain genetic equilibrium.
Geographic isolation separates populations by physical barriers such as (rivers & mountains). T or F
In binomial nomenclature the genus is capitalized and the species is lower case. T or F
In Linneaus’ system of classification there are ____# of taxonomic levels.
A genus is composed of a number of related (species/ families).
Mammals have these 3 characteristics in common. Circle 3.
Warm blooded
Body hair
Scales
Produce milk for young
Breathe through gills
When you group organisms based on their evolutionary history it is called _______________________.
Evidence of common ancestry is similar (genes/ habitats)
Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia are all (Prokaryotes/Eukaryotes)
All organisms use (DNA and RNA/ Carbohydrates) to pass on genetic information.
Prokaryotes (have/ lack) a nucleus
Reproduction in bacteria is by (binary fission/ meiosis)
Viruses with RNA instead of DNA are called (retroviruses/ bacteriophages)
Antibiotics work by disrupting bacteria’s (growth or reproduction/ locomotion).
AIDS is caused by the (HIV virus/ TMV) virus.
Cell growth or cell size is limited because it cannot move materials across its cell _________________.
During cell division, each daughter cell will receive its own copy of the parent cell’s (DNA/ cytoplasm)
Name the phases of the cell cycle starting with G1, _____, _____, _________________,______________.
Cell division takes place in (M/ G1)
The cell cycle is both cell growth and cell (division/ death).
Each half of the chromosome held together by the centromere are the sister ( chromatids/ centromeres)
Name the phases of mitosis starting with prophase ( hint: PMAT)
Chromosomes become visible in which phase?
Cyclins regulate the cell cycle. T or F
Tumors are masses of (cancer/ dead) cells.
Examples of fossils include preserved (footprints/ bones/ eggs/ feces/) T or F
Half life in radioactive isotopes refers to half the time it takes for the atoms to (decay/ build up).
Water as a liquid was not originally found on primitive Earth because Earth was too (hot/ cold).
The first organism to appear on Earth was probably a (bacterium/ dinosaur)
Convergent evolution is when separate species develop the same adaptation for example a shark’s _____,
dolphin’s ___________ and penguin’s ___________________.
There are 20 different Transfer RNA molecules because tRNA carries the amino acids to make proteins and
there are ______ different amino acids.
Types of Reproductive Isolation
There are many barriers to reproduction. Each species may have its own courtship displays, or
breeding season, so that members of the two species do not have the opportunity to interbreed. Or,
the two species may be unable to interbreed successfully because of failure of the egg to become
fertilized or to develop.
This suggests a simple and useful dichotomy, between pre-mating or prezygotic (i.e., pre-zygote
formation) reproductive isolating mechanisms, and post-mating or postzygotic isolating mechanisms.
Remember that a zygote is the cell formed by the union of two gametes and is the basis of a
developing individual.
Prezygotic isolating mechanisms
1. Ecological isolation: Species occupy different habitats. The lion and tiger overlapped in India
2.
3.
4.
until 150 years ago, but the lion lived in open grassland and the tiger in forest. Consequently,
the two species did not hybridize in nature (although they sometimes do in zoos).
Temporal isolation: Species breed at different times. In North America, five frog species of the
genus Rana differ in the time of their peak breeding activity.
Behavioral isolation: Species engage in distinct courtship and mating rituals (see Figure 1).
Mechanical isolation: Interbreeding is prevented by structural or molecular blockage of the
formation of the zygote. Mechanisms include the inability of the sperm to bind to the egg in
animals, or the female reproductive organ of a plant preventing the wrong pollinator from
landing.
** All of the above prevent the formation of hybrid zygotes. **
One model of allopatric speciation. A single population (a) is fragmented by a barrier (b);
geographical isolation leads to genetic divergence (c); when the barrier is removed, the two
populations come back into contact with each other, and there is selection for increased
reproductive isolation (d); if reproductive isolation is effective, speciation is complete (e).
Geographic isolation leads to reproductive isolation. Once two populations are reproductively isolated,
they are free to follow different evolutionary paths. They are likely to differentiate for two reasons:
1. Different geographic regions are likely to have different selective pressures. Temperature,
2.
rainfall, predators and competitors are likely to differ between two areas 100's or 1,000's of
kilometers apart. Thus, over time, the two populations will differentiate.
Even if the environments are not very different, the populations may differentiate because
different mutations and genetic combinations occur by chance in each. Thus, selection will have
different raw material to act upon in each population.
Simple Genetics Practice Problems
1. For each genotype, indicate whether it is heterozygous (HE) or homozygous (HO)
AA ____
Bb ____
Cc ____
Dd ____
Ee ____
ff ____
GG ____
HH ____
Ii ____
Jj ____
kk ____
Ll ____
Mm ____
nn ____
OO ____
Pp
2. Set up the square for each of the crosses listed below. The trait being studied is round seeds
(dominant) and wrinkled seeds (recessive)
Rr x rr
What percentage of the
offspring will be round?_____
Recessive?___________
Rr x Rr
What percentage of the
offspring will be round?_____
Recessive?___________
RR x Rr
What percentage of the
offspring will be round?______
Recessive?___________
RR x rr
What percentage of the
offspring will be round?______
Recessive?___________