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10. 3 Philip and Alexander pp. 288-293 Essential Question: What are the characteristics of a leader? Philip II of Macedonia Philip II of Macedon was the king of the Ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon from 359 BC until his assassination in 336 BC. Philip’s First Job as King: Fix the military • Macedonia was not a very strong kingdom and were mainly farmers and herders of sheep and horses. • The army is undisciplined • While Philip was a hostage in Thebes, he learned new battle strategies and how to train a successful army • Citizen warriors -> professional soldiers • He increased its size from 10,000 to 24,000 and enlarged the cavalry from 600 to 3,500 Turning Things Around • created a corps of engineers to develop towers and catapults • provided uniforms and required an oath of allegiance to the king (each soldier would no longer be loyal to a particular town or province but faithful only to the king) • restructured the traditional Greek phalanx • changed the hoplite spear to the sarissa, an 18 to 20 feet pike; it had the advantage of reaching over the much shorter spears of the opposition. • a new helmet, and a redesigned shield, each man possessed a smaller double-edge sword, or xiphos, for close-in-hand fighting. Philip’s Second Job: Conquests • Macedonia was enemies with the Illyrians to the North and Athens • Philip and his son, Alexander (18 years old), marched through many Greek citystates including Thebes and Athens • Defeats enemies in many ways: • Battle • Bribery • Others just agree • But he did not escape these battles without some personal scars - a lost eye, a broken shoulder, and a crippled leg. Statue of Philip II of Macedon Demosthenes • Throughout Philip’s rise to power and his victories throughout Greece, a constant thorn in his side was Demosthenes, the great Athenian orator, who constantly railed against Philip in a series of speeches called The Philippics. Demosthenes Practicing Oratory painting by Jean Lecomte du Nouÿ • Why was Demosthenes so opposed to Philip’s plans? Interesting Tidbits •• In 343 BCE Aristotle was summoned by King Philip II of Macedonia to tutor his son Alexander • Taught him for the next seven years, until Alexander ascended to the throne and began his famous conquests. • The two men remained in contact through letters, and Aristotle's influence on Alexander can be seen in the latter's skillful and diplomatic handling of difficult political problems throughout his career. • Alexander's habit of carrying books with him on campaign and his wide reading have been attributed to Aristotle's influence as has Alexander's appreciation for art and culture. Alexander Takes Control Alexander Fulfills His Father’s Dream • Philip is assassinated • Alexander will become a successful ruler and military leader at age 20 • He will invade and conquer the Persian Empire • 2 min video on The Alexander Mosaic • https://youtu.be/JUEV5Y6jyJE Mosaic of Alexander, on his horse Bucephalus, during the battle of Issus. Alexander had the respect of his men and never betrayed their trust as he fought next to them, ate with them, and refused to drink water when there wasn’t enough for all. Quite simply, he set the example. As was evident at Gaugamela, he was able to rally his men to fight with him. Plutarch in his Life of Alexander the Great wrote, “…he made a very long speech to the Thessalians and the other Greeks and when he saw that they encouraged him with shouts to lead them against the Barbarians, he shifted his lance into his left hand, and with his right appealed to the gods…praying them, if he was really sprung from Zeus, to defend and strengthen the Greeks…and after mutual encouragement and exhortations the cavalry charged at full speed upon the enemy…” Alexander the Leader Online Textbook: Learn 360 segment 4:22 mins http://learn360.infobase.com/PortalPlaylists.aspx?wID=274049&xtid=67 335&loid=308257 The division of Alexander the Great's Empire after his death between 4 of his generals: Alexander's Legacy Online textbook Learn 360 2:36 mins http://learn360.infobase.com/PortalPlaylists.aspx?wID=27404 9&xtid=67335&loid=308263 Alexander’s Legacy Political Legacy – 1)Extended Greek and Macedonian Rule 2)Creation of the Hellenistic Kingdoms Economic Legacy – 1) circulation of Persian gold and silver 2) standardization of currency (Trade and commerce extended beyond the Mediterranean region into Africa, Arabia, India, and China.) Cultural Legacy – 1) spread of Greek art and thought 2) creation of new Hellenistic culture Painting of The Great Lighthouse of Alexandria (One of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World) Illustration of ancient Library of Alexandria Bust of Alexander the Great outside the new library in Alexandria, Egypt Essential Question: Give examples of things Alexander and his father, Philip II, did as good leaders: 1_______________________________________________________________________________________________ 2_______________________________________________________________________________________________ 3_______________________________________________________________________________________________ 4_______________________________________________________________________________________________ 5_______________________________________________________________________________________________ 6_______________________________________________________________________________________________ 7_______________________________________________________________________________________________ Sources • • • • • • • • McGraw – Hill Online Textbook sources Ancient History Encyclopedia www.washburn.edu HeritageHistory.com http://www.heritage-history.com/books/horne/statesmen/zpage054.gif https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JUEV5Y6jyJE Slideplayer.com http://outline-of-history.mindvessel.net/230-career-of-alexander-great/231-philip-ofmacedonia.html • Pintrest.com • 02varvara.wordpress.com • www.artrenewal.org