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Mineral Exam
PART 1
OBJECTIVE PORTION
MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 16
PART 2
CONSTRUCTED RESPONSE
APPLICATION ESSAY
PRACTICAL APPLICATION
TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 17
PART 3
INDIVIDUALLY ADMINISTERED
MON & TUES 9/16 & 9/17
Concept Declaration
The upcoming written exam covering minerals will include questions from the following
concept areas.
1. Classification of Minerals –
A. 5 characteristics that must be present in order for a substance to be considered a
mineral
2. Crystal Systems –
A. Names and basic description of each
B. How cooling time affects crystal size
3. Specific differences between silicates and non-silicates.
A. Non-silicate group names and defining characteristics
4. Mineral Identification
A. Property
B. Brief explanation of how property is exhibited
C. Classifications (options)
D. How determined
5. Application of mineral property tests. The student must be able to perform
A. Hardness Test
B. Streak Test
C. Determine Color
D. Determine Luster
6. Thorough knowledge of how to use the Mohs Hardness Scale to distinguish between
samples.
7. Vocabulary
8. Impact of Friedrich Mohs development of Mohs Hardness Scale
A COMPLETE PRE-EXAM OUTLINE WILL BE ALLOWED AS A RESOURCE DURING PART 2 OF THE
WRITTEN EXAM
Mineral Assessment Organization Structure
ALL SAMPLES MUST MEET THE FOLLOWING REQUIREMENTS TO BE CLASSIFIED AS MINERAL
All minerals must occur naturally
1
All minerals must be Inorganic (contain no organic material)
2
All minerals must be solid
3
All minerals must have crystals (atoms arranged in an organized repeating pattern)
4
All minerals must have a defined chemical composition
5
CRYSTAL SYSTEMS
CRYSTAL SYSTEM
Cubic
Orthorhombic
Tetragonal
Monoclinic
Hexagonal
Triclinic
DESCRIPTION
All primary dimensions equal length
All primary dimensions are unequal length, all
angles are right angles
2 dimensions are equal length
No dimensions are equal length but has one right
angle
Opposing sides are of equal length; all angles are
either 60o or 120o
All primary dimensions and angles are unequal
SILICATES
MINERAL EXAMPLE
Fluorite/Halite
Topaz/Barite
NON-SILICATES
*make up 90% of Earth’s *Most important mineral
crust
group
*must contain a Silicon
* accounts for only 5%
AND an Oxygen atom
of Earth’s crust
*Beryl, Hornblende, Talc *Include Native Elements
And Quartz are examples which are minerals composed
of only one kind of atom
Zircon
Gypsum
Corundum
Albite
NON-SILICATES
NON-SILICATE GROUP
OXIDES
CARBONATES
HALIDES
SULFIDES
SULFATES
NATIVE ELEMENTS
MINERAL IDENTIFICATION
PROPERTY
DEFINING CHARACTERISTICS
METALLIC ION + OXYGEN
EXAMPLE = HEMATITE
CARBON + OXYGEN + POSITIVE ION
EXAMPLE = CALCITE
FLUORINE, CHLORINE, IODINE, OR BROMINE + SODIUM,
CALCIUM OR POTASSIUM
EXAMPLE = HALITE
METALLIC ION + SULFER
EXAMPLE = GALENA
METALLIC ION + SULFUR + OXYGEN
EXAMPLE = BARITE
CONTAIN ONLY A SINGLE ELEMENT (AS FOUND ON PERIODIC
TABLE OF ELEMENTS)
EXAMPLE = GOLD, DIAMOND(CARBON)
INDICATES
HOW TESTED
POSSIBLE OUTCOMES
COLOR
SHOWN COLOR
BLACK, BLUE, COLORLESS
LUSTER
HOW MINERAL REFLECTS
LIGHT
TENDANCY OF A MINERAL
TO BREAK ALONG
SMOOTH FLAT PLANES
(EDGES)
DISTINGUISHED VISUALLY
UNDER GOOD LIGHTING
DISTINGUISHED VISUALLY
UNDER GOOD LIGHTING
OFTER WITH MAGNIFYING
LENS
STREAK TEST – RUBBING
MINERAL ACROSS
UNGLAZED PORCELEIN –
MINERAL MUST BE
SOFTER THAN STREAK
PLATE
HARDNESS TEST IS
CONDUCTED BY
SCRATCHING MINERAL
WITH A VARIETY OF
OBJECTS WITH KNOWN
HARDNESSES AND
COMPARING TO MOHS
HARDNESS SCALE
VISUAL EXAMINATION
WITH MAGNIFYING LENS;
FEELING MINERAL WITH
FINGERS
TENDANCY OF A MINERAL
TO BREAK RANDOMLY
CREATING ROUGH OR
JAGGED EDGES
VISUAL EXAMINATION
WITH MAGNIFYING LENS;
FEELING MINERAL WITH
FINGERS
STREAK
HARDNESS
CLEAVAGE
FRACTURE
COLOR OF MINERAL IN
POWDER FORM
THE MINERALS ABILITY TO
SCRATCH OR BE
SCRATCHED
METALLIC
SUB-METALLIC
NON-METALLILC (8 SUB
CATEGORIES)
GREEN, GOLD, BLACK
MINERALS HARDER THAN
STREAK PLATE LEAVE
“COLORLESS” STREAK
1- 10
1 BEING SOFTEST
10 BEING HARDEST
ONE DIMENSIONAL
TWO DIMENSIONAL
THREE DIMENSIONAL
CUBIC
OCTAHEDRAL
CONCHODIAL
NON-CONCHODIAL
MOHS HARDNESS SCALE
HARDNESS
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
VOCABULARY
WORD
MINERAL
LUSTER
STREAK
CLEAVAGE
MINERAL
TALC
GYPSUM
CALCITE
FLUORITE
APATITE
FELDSPAR
QUARTZ
TOPAZ
CORUNDUM
DIAMOND
DETERMINING FACTOR
RUBS OFF ON FINGERS
FINGERNAIL HARDNESS = 2.2
COPPER PENNY HARDNESS = >3
GENTLE PRESSURE OF NAIL = >4 BUT <5
GLASS HARDNESS = 5.5
EXTREME PRESSURE OF NAIL >6, BUT <7
DEFINITION
Any naturally
occurring, inorganic,
solid with definite
chemical composition
and an orderly
arrangement of
atoms
The manner in which
a mineral reflects
light
The color of a mineral
in powdered form
The tendency of a
mineral to break
along smooth, flat
surfaces
WORD
CRYSTAL
MAGMA
FRACTURE
HARDNESS
DEFINITION
Any solid in which the
atoms are arranged in
orderly, repeating
patterns
Hot melted rock
material t
Tendency of a mineral
to break with uneven,
rough, or jagged
surfaces as a result
The measure of how
easily a mineral can
be scratched
SIGNIFICANCE FRIEDRICH MOHS DEVELOPMENT OF THE HARDNESS SCALE
Through the development of his hardness scale, Austrian scientist, Friedrich Mohs created a
method to determine a distinguishing property of minerals using everyday objects. No two
minerals share the exact same physical properties.
*Be sure to include his country of origin. Focus on how the Mohs hardness scale helps
geologists