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Mineral Exam PART 1 OBJECTIVE PORTION MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 16 PART 2 CONSTRUCTED RESPONSE APPLICATION ESSAY PRACTICAL APPLICATION TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 17 PART 3 INDIVIDUALLY ADMINISTERED MON & TUES 9/16 & 9/17 Concept Declaration The upcoming written exam covering minerals will include questions from the following concept areas. 1. Classification of Minerals – A. 5 characteristics that must be present in order for a substance to be considered a mineral 2. Crystal Systems – A. Names and basic description of each B. How cooling time affects crystal size 3. Specific differences between silicates and non-silicates. A. Non-silicate group names and defining characteristics 4. Mineral Identification A. Property B. Brief explanation of how property is exhibited C. Classifications (options) D. How determined 5. Application of mineral property tests. The student must be able to perform A. Hardness Test B. Streak Test C. Determine Color D. Determine Luster 6. Thorough knowledge of how to use the Mohs Hardness Scale to distinguish between samples. 7. Vocabulary 8. Impact of Friedrich Mohs development of Mohs Hardness Scale A COMPLETE PRE-EXAM OUTLINE WILL BE ALLOWED AS A RESOURCE DURING PART 2 OF THE WRITTEN EXAM Mineral Assessment Organization Structure ALL SAMPLES MUST MEET THE FOLLOWING REQUIREMENTS TO BE CLASSIFIED AS MINERAL All minerals must occur naturally 1 All minerals must be Inorganic (contain no organic material) 2 All minerals must be solid 3 All minerals must have crystals (atoms arranged in an organized repeating pattern) 4 All minerals must have a defined chemical composition 5 CRYSTAL SYSTEMS CRYSTAL SYSTEM Cubic Orthorhombic Tetragonal Monoclinic Hexagonal Triclinic DESCRIPTION All primary dimensions equal length All primary dimensions are unequal length, all angles are right angles 2 dimensions are equal length No dimensions are equal length but has one right angle Opposing sides are of equal length; all angles are either 60o or 120o All primary dimensions and angles are unequal SILICATES MINERAL EXAMPLE Fluorite/Halite Topaz/Barite NON-SILICATES *make up 90% of Earth’s *Most important mineral crust group *must contain a Silicon * accounts for only 5% AND an Oxygen atom of Earth’s crust *Beryl, Hornblende, Talc *Include Native Elements And Quartz are examples which are minerals composed of only one kind of atom Zircon Gypsum Corundum Albite NON-SILICATES NON-SILICATE GROUP OXIDES CARBONATES HALIDES SULFIDES SULFATES NATIVE ELEMENTS MINERAL IDENTIFICATION PROPERTY DEFINING CHARACTERISTICS METALLIC ION + OXYGEN EXAMPLE = HEMATITE CARBON + OXYGEN + POSITIVE ION EXAMPLE = CALCITE FLUORINE, CHLORINE, IODINE, OR BROMINE + SODIUM, CALCIUM OR POTASSIUM EXAMPLE = HALITE METALLIC ION + SULFER EXAMPLE = GALENA METALLIC ION + SULFUR + OXYGEN EXAMPLE = BARITE CONTAIN ONLY A SINGLE ELEMENT (AS FOUND ON PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS) EXAMPLE = GOLD, DIAMOND(CARBON) INDICATES HOW TESTED POSSIBLE OUTCOMES COLOR SHOWN COLOR BLACK, BLUE, COLORLESS LUSTER HOW MINERAL REFLECTS LIGHT TENDANCY OF A MINERAL TO BREAK ALONG SMOOTH FLAT PLANES (EDGES) DISTINGUISHED VISUALLY UNDER GOOD LIGHTING DISTINGUISHED VISUALLY UNDER GOOD LIGHTING OFTER WITH MAGNIFYING LENS STREAK TEST – RUBBING MINERAL ACROSS UNGLAZED PORCELEIN – MINERAL MUST BE SOFTER THAN STREAK PLATE HARDNESS TEST IS CONDUCTED BY SCRATCHING MINERAL WITH A VARIETY OF OBJECTS WITH KNOWN HARDNESSES AND COMPARING TO MOHS HARDNESS SCALE VISUAL EXAMINATION WITH MAGNIFYING LENS; FEELING MINERAL WITH FINGERS TENDANCY OF A MINERAL TO BREAK RANDOMLY CREATING ROUGH OR JAGGED EDGES VISUAL EXAMINATION WITH MAGNIFYING LENS; FEELING MINERAL WITH FINGERS STREAK HARDNESS CLEAVAGE FRACTURE COLOR OF MINERAL IN POWDER FORM THE MINERALS ABILITY TO SCRATCH OR BE SCRATCHED METALLIC SUB-METALLIC NON-METALLILC (8 SUB CATEGORIES) GREEN, GOLD, BLACK MINERALS HARDER THAN STREAK PLATE LEAVE “COLORLESS” STREAK 1- 10 1 BEING SOFTEST 10 BEING HARDEST ONE DIMENSIONAL TWO DIMENSIONAL THREE DIMENSIONAL CUBIC OCTAHEDRAL CONCHODIAL NON-CONCHODIAL MOHS HARDNESS SCALE HARDNESS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 VOCABULARY WORD MINERAL LUSTER STREAK CLEAVAGE MINERAL TALC GYPSUM CALCITE FLUORITE APATITE FELDSPAR QUARTZ TOPAZ CORUNDUM DIAMOND DETERMINING FACTOR RUBS OFF ON FINGERS FINGERNAIL HARDNESS = 2.2 COPPER PENNY HARDNESS = >3 GENTLE PRESSURE OF NAIL = >4 BUT <5 GLASS HARDNESS = 5.5 EXTREME PRESSURE OF NAIL >6, BUT <7 DEFINITION Any naturally occurring, inorganic, solid with definite chemical composition and an orderly arrangement of atoms The manner in which a mineral reflects light The color of a mineral in powdered form The tendency of a mineral to break along smooth, flat surfaces WORD CRYSTAL MAGMA FRACTURE HARDNESS DEFINITION Any solid in which the atoms are arranged in orderly, repeating patterns Hot melted rock material t Tendency of a mineral to break with uneven, rough, or jagged surfaces as a result The measure of how easily a mineral can be scratched SIGNIFICANCE FRIEDRICH MOHS DEVELOPMENT OF THE HARDNESS SCALE Through the development of his hardness scale, Austrian scientist, Friedrich Mohs created a method to determine a distinguishing property of minerals using everyday objects. No two minerals share the exact same physical properties. *Be sure to include his country of origin. Focus on how the Mohs hardness scale helps geologists