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Download The Respiratory system - Powell County Schools
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The Respiratory system Functions • Works closely with circulatory system, exchanging gases between air and blood: • Takes up oxygen from air and supplies it to blood (for cellular respiration). • Removal and disposal of carbon dioxide from blood (waste product from cellular respiration). Homeostatic Role: – Regulates blood pH. – Regulates blood oxygen and carbon dioxide levels. External Respiration • Ventilation – exchange of air between lungs and atmosphere • Gas Exchange in pulmonary capillaries • Breathing largely involuntary activity Internal Respiration • All cells require oxygen for metabolism • All cells require means to remove carbon dioxide • Gas exchange at cellular level Structures of Respiratory System • upper respiratory tract – nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx and trachea • lower respiratory tract – bronchial tree and lungs Nose • nasal cavity • nasal septum • mucous membrane – mucus – cilia – olfactory receptors Pharynx • Nasopharynx – Posterior to the nose – Contains adenoids or pharyngeal tonsils • Oropharynx – Posterior to the mouth – Palatine tonsils • Laryngopharynx – Superior to the larynx Epiglottis • Oropharynx and laryngopharynx serve as a common passageway for both food and air • Epiglottis acts as a lid or flap that covers the larynx and trachea (airway) so food does not enter the lungs. Larynx • Also known as the voice box • Glottis (vocal apparatus) – vocal bands or vocal cords Trachea • Windpipe or airway • Mucous membrane lining with cilia • Smooth muscle with c-shaped cartilage rings • divides into two branches: – Right bronchi – Left bronchi Bronchi • Bronchus, singular • C-shaped cartilage rings with smooth muscle • Each bronchi divides into bronchioles • Terminate in air sacs called alveoli Alveoli • Resembles a small balloon as it expands and contracts with the flow of air • CO2 diffuses from the blood in the capillaries, enters the alveoli, and is exhaled • On inspiration, O2 diffuses from the alveoli to enter the capillaries Thoracic Cavity • thoracic • thorax • mediastinum – – – – – heart aorta esophagus bronchi thymus Lungs Right-3 lobes Left-2 lobes trachea Pleura • • • • • each lung enclosed in pleura parietal pleura (inner) visceral pleura (outer) pleural space or pleural cavity lubricating fluid Diaphragm • muscle separating chest and abdomen • inspiration, diaphragm contracts and increases thoracic space – air flows in • expiration, diaphragm relaxes and decreases thoracic space – air flows out • phrenic nerve Respiration • external respiration - exchange of gases in lungs • internal respiration - exchange of gases within cells of the body organs and tissues • ventilation - movement of air Pathology Breathing Disorders • Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease COPD (COLD) • Dyspnea • Bradypnea • Tachypnea COPD • Asthma – bronchospasms, parosysmal, productive cough, – mucolytics, bronchodilators • Chronic Bronchitis – mucosal swelling, productive cough, chest pain – expectorants, bronchodilators, steroids • Emphysema – barrel-chest, dyspnea, orthopnea Influenza • Acute infectious respiratory disease • Viral • Fever, chills, headache, myalgia, anorexia • Avoid aspirin in children Pleural Effusions • Excess fluid in pleural cavity • associated with congestive heart failure, ascites, infectious lung diseases, trauma • diagnosis – auscultation, percussion • Empyema, hydrothorax, hemothorax, pnrumothorax, pyopneumothorax • thoracentesis Tuberculosis • Infectious, highly communicable disease • aerosol transmission • primary tuberculosis, tubercles • immunocompromised • effects other organ systems • drug resistant strains Bronchopneumonia • • • • • • Inflammatory disease of lungs lobar, bilateral hemoptyisis consolidation Pneumocystis carinii lavage Cystic Fibrosis • Hereditary disorder, affects exocrine glands • systemic involvement – lungs, pancreas, digestive tract • Viscous mucus blocks bronchioles • Gas exchange impaired Respiratory Distress Syndrome • Surfactant – decreases the surface tension of the alveoli – needed for alveoli to fill with air and expand (compliance) • Infant respiratory distress syndrome (hyaline membrane disease) • Adult respiratory distress syndrome Oncology • Primary Pulmonary Cancer • Smoking is leading cause of ALL TYPES OF LUNG CANCERS • common site: epithelium of bronchi – bronchogenic carcinoma – masses form and block air passages – metastasizes frequently to lymph noes, liver, bones, brain, or kidney
