Download KINGDOM ANIMALIA

KINGDOM ANIMALIA
Phylum Porifera
Classes: You will not be responsible for the classes in this phylum.
Characteristics:
 Multicellular; body a loose aggregation of cells and
mesoglea (gelatinous matrix)
 Body with pores called ostia, canals and chambers that
serve for passage of water
 Mostly marine; all aquatic
 Filter feeders
 Radial symmetry or asymmetrical
 Types of Cells: epidermal – pinacocytes; interior surfaces
– lined with flagellated collar cells called choanocytes that
create water currents; amebocytes- found within the
mesoglea which aid in digestion, reproduction, and in
forming the spicules
 Skeletal structure three main types; calcium spicules,
silicon-type spicules, or a protein spongin; may be a
combination of these
 No organs or true tissues; the cell level of organization
 Excretion and respiration by diffusion
 Nervous system absent; local reactions by cells
 All adults are sessile and attached to a substrate
 Larvae stage is motile
 Asexual reproduction by buds or gemmules
 Sexual reproduction by eggs and sperm; released into
water
 Adult sponges often live in colonies
Phylum Cnidaria
Classes: Class Hydrozoa – freshwater hydras, Obelia ; Class
Scyphozoa- jellyfish; Class Anthozoa- corals, sea anemones, sea
pens
Characteristics:
 All aquatic
 Radial symmetry
 Two basic body types – polyp or medusae form
 Some types may have an exoskeleton or
endoskeleton of chitin, calcium or protein
components
 Body with two tissue layers – epidermis and
gastrodermis with mesoglea in between
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Gastrovascular cavity with a single opening that
serves as both mouth and anus, called a sac-like
body plan; tentacles usually encircling mouth
Special stinging cell organelles called
nematocytsts; abundant on tentacles
Nerve net with some sensory organs
Some longitudinal muscle fibers; not well
organized in most
Asexual reproduction by budding in polyps
Sexual reproduction by gametes in medusae and
in some polyps; gametes releases externally
Sexual forms may be monoecious or dioecious
Planula larvae
No excretory or respiratory system; by simple
diffusion
No coelomic cavity; tissue level of organization
Phylum Platyhelminthes – The Flatworms
Classes: Class Turbellaria – planarians (free living); Class
Trematoda – flukes ( parasitic); Class Cestoda- tapeworms (parasitic) You
will also be responsible for the life cycle of the tapeworm and the blood
liver fluke, Schistosoma
Characteristics:
 Bilateral symmetry
 Three germ layers; endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm
(triploblastic)
 Body flattened
 Parasitic types have a tough tegument for protection
making up their epidermis
 Acoelomate
 Incomplete digestive system; sac-like body plan with
one opening
 Nervous system consisting of 2 nerve cords and
anterior ganglia
 Simple sense organs; eye spots in planaria
 Excretory system with canals having flame cells
 No respiratory, circulatory or skeletal systems
 Gas exchange occurs by diffusion
 Most forms monecious; well-developed gonads; internal
reproduction
 May have one or more hosts during their lifecycles in
parasitic types
Phylum Nematoda – The Roundworms
Classes: You are not responsible for specific classes, but are
responsible for the life cycle of the hookworm, pinworms, Trichinella,
heartworms, and Ascaris
Characteristics:
 Bilateral symmetry
 Triploblastic
 Psuedocoelomic body cavity
 Epidermis has a thickened cuticle for protection
 Longitudinal muscles; results in a characteristic sideto-side motion
 Digestive system complete (mouth and anus); tube
within a tube arrangement
 No circulatory and respiratory organs; gas exchange
by simple diffusion
 Nervous system consists of anterior and posterior
nerves and cerebral ganglia
 Usually dioecious; males usually smaller than females;
internal reproduction
 Often see constancy in the number of cells within a
species
Phylum Mollusca
Classes: Polyplacophora – chitons, have 8 overlapping plates
forming shell; Scaphopoda – tooth shells; Gastropoda “stomach-foot” –
snails, slugs, (both land and water species), all with single shell except
slug; Bivalvia - mussels, clams, scallops, oysters, all having hinged shells;
Cephalopoda “head-foot” – squids, octupuses, nautiluses, devilfish,
cuttlefish, most having a reduced shell
Characteristics:
 Bilateral symmetry
 Muscular foot; cephalopods with divided tentacles;
allows locomotion
 3 body parts – foot, mantle- is modified into gills or
lungs, secretes the shell; visceral mass
 Have a coelom, although somewhat limited to area
around heart
 Have a rasping organ called the radula
 Complete digestive system
 Open circulatory system with a three chambered heart,
blood with respiratory pigments
 One or two kidneys called metanephridias
 Nervous system
 Sensory organs of touch, smell, taste, equilibrium and
vision; eyes highly developed in cephalopods
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Both monoecious and dioecious forms
Trochophore larva mainly
Phylum Annelida – Segmented Worms
Classes: Class Polychaeta – mostly marine worms such as
featherdusters and clam worms; Class Oligochaeta – earthworms; Class
Hirudinea – leeches
Characteristics:
 Segmented body
 Bilateral symmetry
 Circular and longitudinal muscles
 Outer transparent moist cuticle secreted by epithelium
 Chitinous setae often present (except leeches)
 Well-developed coelom separated by septa (except
leeches)
 Hydrostatic skeleton
 Closed circulatory system with respiratory pigments
 Complete digestive system
 Gas exchange through skin, gills, or parapodia (foot-like
appendages on some marine species)
 Paired nephridia in each segment serve as excretory
system
 Nervous system with double ventral nerve cord and paired
ganglia; cerebral ganglia serves as brain
 Sensory system with tactile organs, taste buds, statocysts,
photoreceptor cells, and eyes with lenses in some.
 May be hermaphroditic (earthworms) or separate sexes;
some species with trochophore larva
 Asexual reproduction by budding in some
Phylum Arthropoda
Subphylum Trilobita – triliobites; now extinct
Subphylum Chelicerata –
Class Merostomata- horseshoe crabs
Class Arachnida – scorpions, ticks, mites, daddy longlegs,
Spiders
Subphylum Crustacea – crustaceans
Numerous classes are included in this subphylum and the
crustaceans are often referred to as a “class” but are actually
a subphylum.
Subphylum Uniramia
Class Chilopoda – centipedes
Class Diplopoda – millipedes
Class Insecta – insects
Order Isoptera – termites
Order Anoplura – lice
Order Hemiptera- true bugs
Order Homoptera – cicadas, aphids, scale insects
Order Neuroptera – Dobson flys, lacewings
Order Coleoptera – beetles
Order Lepidoptera – butterflies
Order Odonata – damselflies, dragonflies
Order Diptera – true flies
Order Hymenoptera – ants, bees, wasps
Characteristics of Arthropods:
 Bilateral symmetry
 Segmentation
 Jointed appendages
 Exoskeleton
 Complex muscular system
 Reduced coelom
 Complete digestive system with modified mouthparts
for a variety of feeding methods
 Open circulatory system
 Respiration by body surface, gills, trachea (air tubes)
or book lungs
 Paired excretory glands called coxal, antennal, or
maxillary glands or with excretory organs called
Malpighian tubules
 Nervous system with well developed sense organs
 Separate sexes; usually internal fertilization
 Complete (egg, larvae, pupa, adult) or Incomplete
metamorphosis (egg, nymph, adult) seen in many
species
Phylum Echinodermata
Classes: Asteroidea – sea stars; Ophiuroidea – brittle stars;
Holothuroidea – sea cucumbers; Crinoidea – sea lilies and feather stars
Characteristics:
 Marine
 Unsegmented body
 Radial symmetry
 No head or brain with few specialized sensory organs
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Some photoreceptors, statocysts, chemoreceptors,
and tactile receptors
Endoskeleton of cermal calcareous ossicles with
spines or of calcareous spicules
Pedicellaria – tiny pincers which help clean the skin
Water vascular system that extend from canals within
tube feet to an opening into the exterior called a
madreporite; allows locomotion
Complete digestive system
No true circulatory system
Respiration as water moves into tube feet bringing
oxygen
Excretory organs absent
Mostly dioecious; external fertilization
Free-swimming bilateral larval stage
Regeneration of lost parts
Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Urochordata – tunicates (sea squirts)
Subphylum Cephalochordata – Lancelets
Subphylum Vertebrata – includes all the vertebrates
Superclass Agnatha - includes the classes of jawless fish
(hagfishes and lampreys), the cartilage fish (sharks, skates,
rays), the bony fish
Class Amphibia – the amphibians; frogs, toads, salamanders
Class Reptilia – the snakes, lizards, turtles, crocodiles,
alligators, caymens
Class Aves – birds
Class Mammalia –monotremes (spiny anteater and duckbilled
platypus), marsupials (kangaroos, koala bears), placental
mammals
Characteristics of Chordates:
 All have a notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal
pouches or slits, endostyle or thyroid gland, and
postanal tail – all present at some stage of the life cycle
 Integument consists of an epidermis and dermis
 Endoskeleton of cartilage and/or bone; all but a few of
the primitive groups have a vertebral column and
cranium
 Gills or lungs
 Advanced muscular, excretory, digestive, circulatory,
respiratory, and nervous systems
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Ventral heart with multiple chambers; closed blood
system of arteries, veins, and capillaries; blood
containing hemoglobin
Well-developed coelom
Well-developed brain consisting of cerebrum,
cerebellum and brain stem
Specialized sense organs
Endocrine system of ductless glands
Separate sexes