Download 1. - AP World History

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6EAMqKUimr8
A New Civilization
in Western Europe
Catholic church
remains strong after
the fall of Rome.
6th to 10th centuries
Europe Breaks Apart
Iberia – Arab Muslims
take control
Medieval
Developments in
Western Europe
Literacy declines
except among
Church officials
…In Latin.
The Middle Ages last from
the fall of Rome (476 AD)
to the Renaissance!
Scandinavian Viking
Raids from 8th to 10th
centuries
I. Beginning of the European Middle Ages
A. Middle Ages – A period from the fall of Rome to the
beginning of the Renaissance (5th cent.-14th cent.)
B. Two time periods
1. Dark Ages (Early Middle Ages) – 5th through 10th
centuries
a. Society Declines
-- Trade nearly stops (except
for salt and iron)
-- Cities become less important
-- People move to rural areas
-- Learning becomes less important
Roman road in disrepair
-- No common language (Latin evolves)
2. Later Middle Ages (High Middle Ages)– 11th through 14th century
a. Rebirth: learning, cities, and trade grow
C. Manorialism -- Agricultural estate owned by a lord and
run by serfs…economic system of the period
1. Relationship between a lord and serf
a. Reciprocal obligations – Lords received portions of
the crops and labor from the serfs who willingly
tied themselves to the land…in return the serfs
were protected by the lord’s army
b. Paid for use of manor’s mills, pastures, ponds, etc.;
worked the lord’s lands 2 – 3 days each week
c. Lord had legal authority over serfs
d. Serfs needed lord’s permission to marry
e. Grew out of the economic collapse of the Western
Roman Empire.
2. Agricultural Innovations – 800s
a. New plows, three field system – increased output
D. Role of the Church in Society & Politics
1. Church copies Roman organizational hierarchy
a. Pope appoints bishops, sponsors missionaries
2. Monasticism – Movement to set up monasteries and
therefore spread Christianity…rules by St. Benedict
a. Spiritual functions of monasteries
--Promoted Christian unity and
served as examples of holy life
b. Secular functions of monasteries
--Schools, science (farming),
preserved much of the
Greco-Roman culture, hospitals
Christianity mixed with the native
religions that it came into contact
with as it expanded.
E. Charlemagne and His Heirs…The Franks and Christianity
1. The Carolingians
a. Charles Martel – Stopped the Muslims in 732 at Tours
b. Charles the Great (Charlemagne)
--In 800 was crowned Emperor by the Pope;
later this became the “Holy Roman Empire”
--Copied Roman central administration
--Encouraged education
--Missi Domenici…spies
--Empire begins to crumble
upon his death
c. Treaty of Verdun -- 843
--Three kingdoms
Charlemagne with elephant - gift from the
Muslim Abbasid Dynasty
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cTTaVnZyG2g
d. End of the Carolingian Dynasty
--Three kingdoms…weaker than one…developing separate
identities
--Invasions: Vikings (Norse),
Muslims, and Magyars
--These invasions led to the
rise of feudalism…Why?
The Growth of
Christianity and the
improvement in
farming gradually
stopped Viking
raids.
Viking Long Boat
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BCgiQVEoHE0
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8qSkaAwKMD4
F. Feudalism…Decentralization of Rule
1. Personal relationship between greater and lesser lords
a. Military service was given by lesser lords in return for
land (fief)…usually large estates
2. Some lords, such as the Capetian kings of France,
emerge more powerful as more land comes under
their control
a. Bureaucracies develop to run the territories; This is
the beginning of state formation in Europe
3. William the Conqueror – took control of England at the
Battle of Hastings (1066)…defeated
King Harold of the Anglo-Saxons
a. Was a noble from Normandy (France)
--Had a Viking legacy…Normandy
was named for the Vikings
(Northmen or Norman)
b. Brought feudalism to England very
quickly…was not gradual as it was
in France.
William the Conqueror
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IASf8QzOFJo
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bQ8A5gRe_Dw
Manorialism/Feudalism Social Pyramid
--King – Give & take land; declare war
– No day to day control
--Powerful Lords – large landowners, also
included church bishops
– must provide knights for war
--Lesser Lords – Small landowners
– provide fewer knights
--Knights – younger nobles sons
– get land if do well in battle
--Serfs – bound to the land
– do all work on the manor
– majority of the population
European Feudalism
G. Limited Government…Power of Nobility vs. Power of Monarch
1. Kingdoms grow large in some areas, not in others
a. Monarchs limited by church, nobles, towns
2. Magna Carta – 1215…Document reduces the power of the
King of England
a. King John recognizes supremacy
of written law
3. Representative bodies begin to form
a. England’s Parliament, from 1265
4. Monarchs use war to increase in power
a. The Hundred Years War
--Fight for the French Throne
--Fighting shifts away from knights
to larger armies
H. W. Europe Expands its Borders
1. Germanic knights push into
eastern Germany and Poland
in the 11th century
2. Iberian Peninsula – Christians
begin to push Muslim forces
out of Spain
3. Vikings – Cross Atlantic, but
fail to set up lasting
settlements; disrupt gov’ts in
Europe
4. Crusades – lead to kingdoms in the Holy Land
a. Called by Pope Urban II in 1095
b. Initial success, but ultimate military failure
c. New contact with Islam – education, culture, government
I. Religious Reform
1. Gregorian reform, 11th cent. – Church was too secular
a. “Lay Investiture” allowed monarchs to choose high
church officials…many non-religious men filled top
church posts
b. The “Investiture Controversy” erupted between Pope
Gregory VII & King Henry IV (Holy Roman Emperor)
c. Was settled by the Concordant of Worms in 1122;
The Church alone could appoint officials but the king
could decide not to give them a fief (virtual veto
power).
J. Later Middle Ages
1. As the middle ages came to a close, the feudal way of life
had to mesh with growing cities and trade. This would
lead to a new period called “The Renaissance”.
Christianity was
II. Culture of the West During the Middle Ages
the dominant
A. Church Doctrine: Faith vs. Reason
part of Western
1. Exploration of Greek philosophy,
European
Culture!!
especially Aristotle
Why would this be a problem for the religious
community of the middle ages?
2. Peter Abelard, 12th century
a. Rational examination of doctrine showed
inconsistency in church teachings
3. Debate in universities fueled by new info from the
Middle East
4. Thomas Aquinas
a. Summas – Reason and Faith can coexist
B. Religion of the People
1. Devotion grew during the middle ages
C. Religious Influences
1. Romanesque architecture
a. Fortress-like…high, small windows
2. Gothic – 11th Century…open, high arches, vaults, flying
buttresses, stained glass windows
Example of the flying
buttress
3. Literature
a. e.g. Song of Roland
b. Geoffrey Chaucer,
Canterbury Tales
c. Dante, Divine Comedy
d. Troubadours – traveling
entertainers
All written or performed
in the vernacular!!!
The vernacular helped literature
become more secular
III. Economic & Social Changes in the Later Middle Ages
(1000 – 1300 AD)
A. Rural living begins to change…Manorialism changes
1. Peasants gain over time…increased agricultural
technology helped
2. Increased population increased demand for food
a. Lords sought to capitalize on demand by increasing
food production
b. Lords rented land to serfs…no longer tied to land
--Lords increased rents and taxes on peasants to
provide income to spend on trade goods
c. Food surplus sparked rise in merchant / artisan class
B. Limited Role for Women
1. Overall, lose ground
2. Numbers of women joining converts increased
C. Trade Returns to Western Europe
1. Commerce expands…Mediterranean zone joined with North
Sea, Baltic Sea
a. Italian city-states
(Venice and Genoa)
emerged as dominant
trade carriers
b. Fairs became centers
of long-distance trade
2. Money replaces barter
3. Banking grows
a. Capitalism, investing to
make a profit, grows
4. Hanseatic League
a. Northern Germany, southern Scandinavia
5. Merchants relatively free, but relatively low social status
6. Guilds…Craft associations, protect markets, ensure
standards of workmanship, social duties
D. Economic growth – Begins in the 10th century
1. Agricultural improvements – plows, horse collars, etc.
a. Increased food production – lead to new wealth and
population growth
2. Towns grow…rise of city government (seen by monarch
as counter-balance to nobility)
3. Education…instruction mainly by lecture…Why?
a. Literacy expands – As trade grew, the need for
education also grew
b. Cathedral schools in the 11th century – to train future
church officials
c. Universities in the 13th century began to train workers
for areas outside the church
--Contacts with the Middle East helped rekindle
learning that had been lost for centuries
IV. End of the Middle Ages – After
Bubonic Plague
(Black Death)
--1348
Widespread warfare
from 1300 to 1500
--Hundred Years War
--Weakens feudal
order…nobles
lose power…rulers
begin to establish
centralized states.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QV7CanyzhZg
Population outstrips
agriculture
--Leads to famines
Increased revenue
from taxation allows
monarchies to hire
soldiers…less reliance
on vassals for military
assistance