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Transcript
c o v e r i m p r e s s i o n s About our cover art Mural from the Tomb of Ramses I (ca. 1290 BC) B alanced compositions, simple shapes, clear an Anubis costume. Anubis is black because that outlines, and flat areas of color helped to was the color of life in ancient Egypt (from the create a sense of order in the magnificent color of the fertile Nile mud). art of ancient Egypt. The Egyptians also liked According to an article on the Wikipedia Web symmetry. If hieroglyphics were inscribed in a site, Ramses I was originally called Paramessu. column, the same text would often appear in “He was of nonroyal birth, being born into a the opposite column, except with the writing noble military family from the Nile delta region. reversed. He was a career soldier, starting out as Chief Numerous ancient Egyptian paintings have of the Archers and eventually became General survived because of the extremely dry climate. of the Lord of the Two Lands. Ramses I found Figures were painted in such a way to show the favor with Horemheb, the last pharaoh of the shoulders as seen from the front, with the torso tumultuous 18th Dynasty, who appointed him and hips turned in a three-quarter view so that as his vizier [the highest official to serve the the legs and arms could be shown in profile. The king]. Horemheb himself had been a nobleman “I come before you, head is also depicted in profile, but the eye is from outside the immediate royal family, who Lord of the Two Lands.” drawn as if seen from the front, looking directly rose through the ranks of the Egyptian army at the viewer. When decorating a wall, junior to serve as the royal advisor to Tutankhamun. draftsmen first drew a layout grid and then sketched an outline of Since Horemheb was childless, he chose Ramses I to be his heir.” the picture with red ochre. Senior artists subsequently refined the Already an old man when he was crowned, Ramses I had little drawing using black pigment. Painters finished the work by filling time to commission any major buildings during his brief 2-year in the outlines with color. Common mural themes included jour- reign. He was buried in a small, hastily finished tomb in The neys through the afterworld and protective deities introducing Valley of the Kings, west of Thebes (now known as Luxor), where the deceased to the gods of the underworld. Some tomb paintings many of the kings of the 18th through 20th Dynasties were portrayed activities that the deceased were involved in when they buried. Ramses’ son, Seti I, and grandson, Ramses II, were among were alive and wished to carry on for eternity. ancient Egypt’s most illustrious rulers. Mural from the Tomb of Ramses I is a marvelous work of art that In 1860, an Egyptian mummy, which most scholars now shows the pharaoh Ramses I, founder of the 19th Dynasty, being believe to be that of Ramses I, was brought to North America greeted in the afterlife by Horus, the falcon-headed sky god, and by a Canadian physician named James Douglas. It was placed Anubis, the jackal-headed god of mummification. (Note that the in the Niagara Falls Museum in Ontario, Canada. The museum’s gods’ poses are mirror images of each other.) Horus, the falcon, contents were sold in 1999, and its Egyptian artifacts—including was thought to soar above the land and its inhabitants and was the mummy—were purchased by the Michael C. Carlos Museum the natural symbol of the pharaoh who reigned over the “Two at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia. University scientists Lands” (Upper and Lower Egypt). In this colorful painting, Horus performed CT scans, x-rays, radiocarbon dating, and computer wears a pschent, or double crown—the white crown of Upper imaging to help identify the mysterious mummy. Egyptologists Egypt and the red crown of Lower Egypt. Ramses I wears a recognized that the mummy’s pose is regal (arms crossed high ceremonial beard, a symbol of kingship, and a nemes (pleated upon the chest). They also determined that the type of mummi cloth) headdress. He is protected by the cobra goddess Wadjet, fication, the position of the embalming scar, and other factors, seen at the front of his headdress. It was believed that Wadjet place it at the approximate time of Ramses I. His mummy was could spit flames and kill any potential enemies. A translation of returned to Egypt with full official honors in October 2003, and the hieroglyphics inscribed on the mural is listed on the Osiris is now on display at the Luxor Museum. Net Web site: www.osirisnet.net. On the left side of Ramses I, Sheila Macho it reads, “I come before you, Lord of the Two Lands,” and to his Cover Editor right it reads, “I come before you.” The names of the 3 figures also appear in the hieroglyphics above them. Names of pharaohs were written with hieroglyphics within a cartouche, an oval that COVER CREDIT from the Tomb of Ramses I, fresco on plaster. Luxor, Egypt, ca. 1290 BC. represented a length of rope folded and tied at one end. It symbol- Mural Photograph ©ICONOTEC. ized everything that the sun encircled and was thus an indication of the king’s rule of the cosmos. Anubis was customarily shown SOURCEs in funerary contexts where he attended to the mummies of the www.osirisnet.net. deceased. In fact, during embalming, the “head embalmer” wore http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramses_I. 508 Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy JMCP July/August 2008 Vol. 14, No. 6 www.amcp.org