Download Artificial Intelligence, simulation and modelling

Artificial Intelligence, simulation
and modelling
Artificial Intelligence
Your computer can do lots of things automatically:
- spelling mistakes in a word-processed document
can be identified and automatically corrected;
- games can be played against a computer, where
the computer often wins; computers can fly
planes
- robots can carry out a variety of tasks.
These are all examples of applications that come
from developments in the study of artificial
intelligence.
Understanding AI
• Intelligence is more than the amount of knowledge a
person has. It includes the ability to think, solve
problems and make conclusions based on available
information.
Reasoning - to solve a problem logically and draw
conclusions
Empathy - to understand what it's like to be another
person, or to be in a another situation
Predicting - to foretell a future situation
Decision-making - based on a range of factors
Communicating - using written and oral languages
Experiencing emotions - and being socially competent.
Artificial intelligence involves the
development of computer systems
that model human thinking processes
to imitate some human ability or
behaviour
Uses of AI
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Medical
Robot control
Household and pets
Finance – banks, trading
Online – avatars
Toys and games
Music
Aviation
http://www.aldebaran-robotics.com/en/
Some of these are ok too…
http://www.futuretimeline.net/subject/airobots.htm
Today!
Select a AI development.
Create a poster to inform others of this AI
Research the impact this development has had
in different work fields and todays society.
Include a picture!
Areas of Artificial Intelligence
Intelligent Systems
An intelligent system is a system with artificial
intelligence that is able to use the available data to
make decisions. Computers that play strategy games
(such as chess) are examples of intelligent systems.
Knowledge Bases
An intelligent system needs to be given a set of rule or facts in
order to make decisions.
These rules or facts are often called a knowledge base.
They also include the knowledge or subject content, which is
organised in a logical order for decision making.
Knowledge bases contain two types of knowledge:
• Factual - information found in texts or widely known facts
• Heuristic - general rules or probabilities rather than specific
instructions. In many instances, these are stored as IF±THEN
statements such as:
IF a specific condition exists, THEN specify actions or conclusions
E.g. Medical Knowledge
- Facts – detail about the diseases and symptoms
- Heuristics – how to diagnose particular diseases.
Tasks
https://portalsrvs.det.nsw.edu.au/LRRView/907
1/
http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/hitchhikers/game
_nolan.shtml
http://alice.pandorabots.com/
Demons
Demons are programs that are activated when a
value is triggered. For example, the anti-virus
software on your computer uses a demon. It
activates when an email arrives, identifying
specific file types that indicate that a virus is
present. Most demons operate automatically
without the user's knowledge.
Agents
An agent is a program that performs a
processing or information-gathering task. Search
engines on the World Wide Web use agents, and
some of these agents can be given specific
instructions to collect a certain type of
information. An agent is used when you shop
online and pay by credit card.
An agent will automatically locate and retrieve
requested data
Expert Systems
An expert system is a program that provides
recommendations or decisions about a problem. They are
the most common form of intelligent system.
To use an expert system, data about a problem is entered
into the expert system. An inference engine then
examines each part of the problem, using the facts and
rules in its knowledge base, to make decisions or
recommendations.
Examples – medical diagnosis, legal, accounting,
customer and IT support, character simulation in games
Expert Systems Example
IT help desk
Helps diagnose computer problems – monitor
not working
Data about the computer problem is entered
into the expert system which then looks in the
knowledge base to determine possible solutions
to the problem.
We look at this in more detail later.
Neural Networks
The human brain is a neural network, with neurons
acting as the connecting devices in the nervous system.
An artificial neural network is a computer system which
has a design based on the way the human brain works.
It operates by creating connections between
processors, the computing equivalent of neurons.
Artificial neural networks are capable of learning –
similar to the way expert systems work by following a
set of rules
Good at recognising complex patterns . They are used
in voice recognition programs (trained). As well as
image recognition etc.
Task
1. Outline the link between an expert system and a
knowledge base.
2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of
expert systems?
3. Find examples and present them in a table of
the uses of demons, agents, expert systems,
neural networks and knowledge bases in
businesses in our local community
4. What is the Chinese room argument? – What is
your view on this argument?