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Transcript
Term 1---EM Spectrum Notes electromagnetic transfers electrical and magnetic planes, rockets, fireworks, explosion, wave (EM) energy thunder/lightning vibrating electric and magnetic waves of the spectrum fields that move through space at the speed of light light and sound combinations-sometimes one sees the light before hearing the sound because light travels faster than sound electromagnetic transferred through space by Radio waves radiation electromagnetic waves Micro-waves radiation is energy that travels and Infra-red radiation spreads out as it goes Visible light emitted by stars and space objects Ultra-violet radiation Mnemonic device: Rabbits mate in X-rays very unusual expensive gardens. Gamma rays electromagnetic complete range of electromagnetic spectrum waves placed in order of increasing (EM spectrum) frequency EM spectrum has benefited the study of astronomy Hotter, more energetic objects and events create higher energy radiation than cool objects. Only extremely hot objects or particles moving at very high velocities can create high-energy radiation like X-rays and gammarays. 1 Term 1---EM Spectrum Notes Type Information radio waves longest wavelengths lowest energy microwaves Infrared (IR) light Visible light ROYGBIV Ultraviolet (UV) light X-rays Gamma rays 2 Effects on Living Things/Uses by People transmits radio and television signals cell phones and radar can travel long distances TV and FM radio use shorter wavelengths than AM radio GPS (global positioning system) Shorter cook in microwave ovens wavelengths and weather Doppler effect radar higher frequency police radar than radio waves used by astronomers to learn about the structure of nearby galaxies and our own Milky Way fairly long (about Used by some insects (IR-sensitive beetles) and snakes (pythons, the length of a pit vipers) fingernail), low Felt as heat by humans frequency waves Night vision goggles use infrared sensors heat from the sun Infrared cameras used by firefighters to locate fire victims travels to Earth in heat lamps---used to keep food warm and to heat bathrooms this form quickly thermograms infrared heat lamps can be used by pet owners to help their reptiles maintain internal (core) body heat satellites in space use infrared cameras to study the growth of plants and motions of clouds in space, IR light maps the dust between stars only part humans Nearly 90% of the light energy used by plants for photosynthesis see---red, orange, comes from red light yellow, green, Light that comes from a lamp in your house blue, indigo, ***red shift means longer wavelengths (moving away) and blue violet shift means shorter wavelengths (moving closer)*** (**Big Bang Theory---universe continues to expand---red shift) can make certain used by bees and some other insects to see minerals glow Prolonged exposure can damage cells (ozone layer---O3) not visible to Causes skin to make vitamin D humans Can burn skin or lead to skin cancer in humans and some other animals Photosynthesis Greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4)—short wave UV radiation is allowed to enter the atmosphere but long wave infrared radiation is trapped by the gases which causes the Earth to warm (greenhouse effect) May kill some bacteria in sewage treatment plants ****ways astronomers identify the hottest stars*** can travel Repeated exposure can damage cells through soft Used for medical imaging (bones, teeth) tissue, such as Used in security checks to find hidden objects skin and muscle, by engineers to check for cracks in steel or concrete but not through used to check the quality of joints in oil and gas pipelines hard bone Hot gases in the Universe also emit X-rays highest Very damaging to cells energy/frequency Used to sterilize medical equipment by killing any germs produced by stars Nuclear energy Cancer treatment Term 1---EM Spectrum Notes apparent magnitude measure of the amount of a star’s light received on Earth how it appears absolute magnitude measure of the amount of the light given off by a star Big Bang Theory states that all matter and energy were once packed into a tiny particle smaller than a speck of dust was incredibly hot and dense and an expansion quickly happened universe cooled over time forming stars, planets 13.7 billion years ago The universe continues to expand by measuring the wavelengths of radiation from galaxies. supported by red shift objects moving away from Earth longer wavelength Doppler effect red shift 3 Term 1---EM Spectrum Notes blue shift objects moving towards Earth shorter wavelength stars Milky Way Galaxy light-year Telescope Hierarchal Structure of the Universe clusters galaxies galactic clusters universe our solar system is a part of it stars you can see at night are part of the Milky Way our sun is only one of the many stars in our galaxy spiral with roughly 100 billion other stars spiral arms and a bright central part sun is halfway to the edge of galaxy along Orion spiral arm 100,000 light-years across Black hole at the center cannot see the spiral shape of the Milky Way Galaxy from Earth because we are located within one of its spiral arms how far light can travel in one year Type of Radiation Visible light Source of Radiation Stars, planets, moons radio Radio waves ultraviolet Ultraviolet infrared Infrared Microwave observatories Microwave Galactic centers, stars, black holes Distant stars, clouds of dust and gas Stars, galaxies Dark matter, energy Optical (reflecting and refracting) 4 ---approximately 6 trillion miles Some Uses to gather and focus light To study the size, composition, and movement of stars and galaxies They make distant objects appear closer and brighter. To find black holes and map galactic centers Some have been used to monitor radio signals given off by earthquakes To map sources and analyze their composition Stars and other "hot" objects in space emit UV radiation (determines the hottest stars in our galaxy) To study planets around other stars in space, IR light maps the dust between stars discover distant galaxies locate dark matter in galaxies ****some telescopes must be placed outside of Earth’s atmosphere in order to gather data due to interference with the atmosphere