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Lee | Anatomy and Physiology December 2014 Exam Review Information about the final exam: Your final will be cumulative on Chapters 3-8. The study guide is a good tool to use in order to assess what you know and what you need to study. While this is a long list, a large portion of it is made up of words that should be familiar to you. Although this is a lengthy list, this is not necessarily a list of all topics Format: Multiple Choice (175) Things to study to be prepared for the final: 1. Your notes from the entire semester. Once you have your notes down, move on to: 2. Your tests. Review these until you are comfortable with all of the questions. Then, move on to: 3. Your study guide. Use your study guide to test yourself- find out where you are weak, and go back and spend time on those weaknesses. 4. Your lists of vocab terms terms. By now you should be able to run through the list and recognize most of the terms. Use this as a chance to figure out which terms you need to spend more time on. 5. *Use your book to get more information on concepts that confuse you. Please come see me before the final if you have any questions or concerns! I. Introduction a. Purpose of Learning (Saint Benedict) b. Homeostasis II. The Language of Anatomy A. Anatomical Position B. Directional Terms Anterior (ventral) Deep (internal) Distal Inferior (caudal) Lateral Medial Posterior (dorsal) Proximal Superficial (external) Superior III. The Integumentary System (Skin) A. Connective Tissue a. Synovial Membrane B. Epithelial Membranes and a. Cutaneous Membrane b. Mucous Membrane c. Serous Membrane C. Functions of the Integumentary System D. Structure of the Skin 1. Epidermis stratum basale stratum corneum keratin melanin melanocytes 2. Dermis Papillary Layer Reticular Layer E. Appendages of the Skin 1. Cutaneous Glands a. Sebaceous (Oil) Glands Sebum b. Sweat Glands 2. Hair and Hair Follicles IV. Skeleton (Axial) Diagram A. Skull 1. Cranium Frontal Bone Parietal Bones Temporal Bones Occipital Bone B. Vertebral Column (Spine) 1. Cervical Vertebrae 2. Thoracic Vertebrae 3. Lumbar Vertebrae 4. Sacrum 5. Coccyx C. Thoracic Cage 1. Sternum 2. Ribs V. Appendicular Skeleton A. Bones of the Shoulder Girdle Pectoral Girdle Clavicle (lateral and sternal end) Scapulae B. Bones of the Upper Limbs Acromion Humerus Radius Ulna Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges C. Bones of the Pelvic Girdle Pelvic Girdle Hip Bone Ilium Ischium Pubis D. Bones of the Lower Limbs Femur Fibula Tibia Calcaneus Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges E. Joints Pivot joint Ball and socket joint Planar joint Hinge joint Condyloid joint Saddle joint VI. Muscles A. Muscle Types 1. Skeletal Muscle 2. Smooth Muscle 3. Cardiac Muscle B. Muscle Functions 1. Producing Movement 2. Maintaining Posture and Body Position 3. Stabilizing Joints 4. Generating Heat C. Skeletal Muscle Activity A. Stimulation and Contraction of Single Skeletal Muscle Diagram Actin Myosin H-Zone A-Band I-Band Sarcomere Z-disc Crossbridges 1. The Nerve Stimulus and the Action Potential 2. Mechanism of Muscle Contraction: The Sliding Filament Theory D. Muscle Movements, Types, and Names (pp. 196–205) 1. Types of Body Movements (Abduction, Adduction, Rotation etc) 2. Arrangement of Fascicles (Epimysium, Perimysium etc) Diagram E. Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles (pp. 205–214) A. Head and Neck Muscles (pp. 205–207) 1. Facial Muscles a. Frontalis b. Orbicularis Oculi c. Orbicularis Oris d. Zygomaticus 2. Chewing Muscles a. Masseter b. Temporalis B. Trunk Muscles (pp. 207–209) 1. Anterior Muscles a. Pectoralis Major b. Intercostal Muscles 2. Posterior Muscles a. Trapezius b. Latissimus Dorsi c. Deltoid C. Muscles of the Upper Limb (pp. 209–210) 1. Muscles of the Humerus That Act on the Forearm a. Biceps Brachii b. Triceps Brachii D. Muscles of the Lower Limb (pp. 210–214) 1. Muscles Causing Movement at the Hip Joint a. Gluteus Maximus 2. Muscles Causing Movement at the Knee Joint a. Hamstring Group b. Quadriceps Group VII. Nervous System 1. Parts of the Neuron (Cell Body, Dendrite, Axon, Axon Terminal, Myelin Sheath, Nodes of Ranvier, Schwann Cell, Oligodendrocytes) 2. Divisions of the Nervous System and what each division controls (CNS, PNS, Motor, Sensory, Autonomic, Somatic, Sympathetic, Parasympathetic). 3. Parts of the Spinal Reflex (Sensory and Motor Neurons, Ganglia, Interneurons) and the level to which the brain is involved. 4. Steps of Action Potential and Relevant Voltages (-55mV, -70mV, 40mV) 5. Sodium, Potassium, Calcium and how they are involved in action potentials 6. Parts of the Brain and Function (Cerebrum-4 lobes; Diencephalon-Thalamus, hypothalamus, Brain Stem- Medulla Oblangata, Cerebellum)- Review Brain Chart VIII. Senses I. Anatomy of the Eye A. Internal Structures: The Eyeball 1. Layers Forming the Wall of the Eyeball a. Fibrous Layer b. Vascular Layer c. Sensory Layer choroid ciliary body ciliary zonule cones cornea fibrous layer fovea centralis ganglion cells iris rods 2. Lens II. Physiology of Vision A. Pathway of Light through the Eye and Light Refraction III. Anatomy of the Ear A. External (Outer) Ear B. Middle Ear C. Internal (Inner) Ear anvil (incus) auricle (pinna) bony (osseous) labyrinth cochlea cochlear duct cochlear nerve external acoustic meatus external (outer) ear hair cells hammer (malleus) IV. Equilibrium A. Static Equilibrium B. Dynamic Equilibrium V. Physiology of Hearing VI. Chemical Senses: Taste and Smell I. Olfactory Receptors and the Sense of Smell Olfactory cells Temporal Lobe II. Taste Buds and the Sense of Taste gustatory cells gustatory hairs parietal lobe