Download Lee | Anatomy and Physiology December 2014 Exam Review

Lee | Anatomy and Physiology
December 2014 Exam Review
Information about the final exam:
Your final will be cumulative on Chapters 3-8. The study guide is a good tool to use in
order to assess what you know and what you need to study. While this is a long list, a
large portion of it is made up of words that should be familiar to you. Although this is a
lengthy list, this is not necessarily a list of all topics
Format: Multiple Choice (175)
Things to study to be prepared for the final:
1. Your notes from the entire semester. Once you have your notes down,
move on to:
2. Your tests. Review these until you are comfortable with all of the
questions. Then, move on to:
3. Your study guide. Use your study guide to test yourself- find out
where you are weak, and go back and spend time on those weaknesses.
4. Your lists of vocab terms terms. By now you should be able to run
through the list and recognize most of the terms. Use this as a chance
to figure out which terms you need to spend more time on.
5. *Use your book to get more information on concepts that confuse you.
Please come see me before the final if you have any questions or concerns!
I. Introduction
a. Purpose of Learning (Saint Benedict)
b. Homeostasis
II. The Language of Anatomy
A. Anatomical Position
B. Directional Terms
Anterior (ventral)
Deep (internal)
Distal
Inferior (caudal)
Lateral
Medial
Posterior (dorsal)
Proximal
Superficial (external)
Superior
III. The Integumentary System (Skin)
A. Connective Tissue
a. Synovial Membrane
B. Epithelial Membranes and
a. Cutaneous Membrane
b. Mucous Membrane
c. Serous Membrane
C. Functions of the Integumentary System
D. Structure of the Skin
1. Epidermis
stratum basale
stratum corneum
keratin
melanin
melanocytes
2. Dermis
Papillary Layer
Reticular Layer
E. Appendages of the Skin
1. Cutaneous Glands
a. Sebaceous (Oil) Glands
Sebum
b. Sweat Glands
2. Hair and Hair Follicles
IV. Skeleton (Axial) Diagram
A. Skull
1. Cranium
Frontal Bone
Parietal Bones
Temporal Bones
Occipital Bone
B. Vertebral Column (Spine)
1. Cervical Vertebrae
2. Thoracic Vertebrae
3. Lumbar Vertebrae
4. Sacrum
5. Coccyx
C. Thoracic Cage
1. Sternum
2. Ribs
V. Appendicular Skeleton
A. Bones of the Shoulder Girdle
Pectoral Girdle
Clavicle (lateral and sternal end)
Scapulae
B. Bones of the Upper Limbs
Acromion
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
C. Bones of the Pelvic Girdle
Pelvic Girdle
Hip Bone
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
D. Bones of the Lower Limbs
Femur
Fibula
Tibia
Calcaneus
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
E. Joints
Pivot joint
Ball and socket joint
Planar joint
Hinge joint
Condyloid joint
Saddle joint
VI. Muscles
A. Muscle Types
1. Skeletal Muscle
2. Smooth Muscle
3. Cardiac Muscle
B. Muscle Functions
1. Producing Movement
2. Maintaining Posture and Body Position
3. Stabilizing Joints
4. Generating Heat
C. Skeletal Muscle Activity
A. Stimulation and Contraction of Single Skeletal Muscle Diagram
Actin
Myosin
H-Zone
A-Band
I-Band
Sarcomere
Z-disc
Crossbridges
1. The Nerve Stimulus and the Action Potential
2. Mechanism of Muscle Contraction: The Sliding Filament Theory
D. Muscle Movements, Types, and Names (pp. 196–205)
1. Types of Body Movements (Abduction, Adduction, Rotation etc)
2. Arrangement of Fascicles (Epimysium, Perimysium etc) Diagram
E. Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles (pp. 205–214)
A. Head and Neck Muscles (pp. 205–207)
1. Facial Muscles
a. Frontalis
b. Orbicularis Oculi
c. Orbicularis Oris
d. Zygomaticus
2. Chewing Muscles
a. Masseter
b. Temporalis
B. Trunk Muscles (pp. 207–209)
1. Anterior Muscles
a. Pectoralis Major
b. Intercostal Muscles
2. Posterior Muscles
a. Trapezius
b. Latissimus Dorsi
c. Deltoid
C. Muscles of the Upper Limb (pp. 209–210)
1. Muscles of the Humerus That Act on the Forearm
a. Biceps Brachii
b. Triceps Brachii
D. Muscles of the Lower Limb (pp. 210–214)
1. Muscles Causing Movement at the Hip Joint
a. Gluteus Maximus
2. Muscles Causing Movement at the Knee Joint
a. Hamstring Group
b. Quadriceps Group
VII. Nervous System
1. Parts of the Neuron (Cell Body, Dendrite, Axon, Axon Terminal, Myelin Sheath, Nodes
of Ranvier, Schwann Cell, Oligodendrocytes)
2. Divisions of the Nervous System and what each division controls (CNS, PNS, Motor,
Sensory, Autonomic, Somatic, Sympathetic, Parasympathetic).
3. Parts of the Spinal Reflex (Sensory and Motor Neurons, Ganglia, Interneurons) and the
level to which the brain is involved.
4. Steps of Action Potential and Relevant Voltages (-55mV, -70mV, 40mV)
5. Sodium, Potassium, Calcium and how they are involved in action potentials
6. Parts of the Brain and Function (Cerebrum-4 lobes; Diencephalon-Thalamus,
hypothalamus, Brain Stem- Medulla Oblangata, Cerebellum)- Review Brain Chart
VIII. Senses
I. Anatomy of the Eye
A. Internal Structures: The Eyeball
1. Layers Forming the Wall of the Eyeball
a. Fibrous Layer
b. Vascular Layer
c. Sensory Layer
choroid
ciliary body
ciliary zonule
cones
cornea
fibrous layer
fovea centralis
ganglion cells
iris
rods
2. Lens
II. Physiology of Vision
A. Pathway of Light through the Eye and Light Refraction
III. Anatomy of the Ear
A. External (Outer) Ear
B. Middle Ear
C. Internal (Inner) Ear
anvil (incus)
auricle (pinna)
bony (osseous) labyrinth
cochlea
cochlear duct
cochlear nerve
external acoustic meatus
external (outer) ear
hair cells
hammer (malleus)
IV. Equilibrium
A. Static Equilibrium
B. Dynamic Equilibrium
V. Physiology of Hearing
VI. Chemical Senses: Taste and Smell
I. Olfactory Receptors and the Sense of Smell
Olfactory cells
Temporal Lobe
II. Taste Buds and the Sense of Taste
gustatory cells
gustatory hairs
parietal lobe